138 INSECT TRANSFORMATION 



prothorax has the hind corners projecting as sharp points 

 like those of the adult click-beetle. So the pupa of a weevil, 1 

 succeeding the soft, legless grub already described in this 

 chapter, has the prolonged snout and elbowed feelers that 

 distinguish the head in beetles of its family, and the shape and 

 relative length of this characteristic snout would often enable 

 an entomologist to determine the tribe or genus to which 

 a particular weevil pupa should be referred (Fig. 79). In 

 beetle pupae generally, however, it is to be noted that the 

 prothorax and head are strongly flexed ventralwards, and that 

 feelers, jaws, and legs usually lie directed backwards along the 

 ventral aspect of the insect. While the wings in the perfect 

 beetle lie over the back, the forewings or elytra reaching often 

 to the hinder end of the abdomen, the wings of the pupa are 

 lateral or ventro-lateral in position, and very much shorter 

 than those of the beetle, the tips of the elytra being opposite 

 the middle abdominal region. In this respect, therefore, the 

 pupal wings correspond in the degree of their development with 

 the wing-rudiments of the advanced nymph in an exopterygote 

 life-history. The same pupal type is found in the transfor- 

 mations of the various families of lacewing-flies and allied 

 insects (Neuroptera). For example the Australian Psychopsis, 

 the larva of which has been described in this chapter (supra, 

 p. 119), has a pupa (Fig. 68 e] " closely resembling the imago 

 in everything except its unexpanded wings ". 



In the obtect pupa of a moth or butterfly (Fig. 33) the 

 adhesion of the wings and appendages to the body masks the 

 correspondence of the creature in this stage with the perfect 

 insect, suggesting the fanciful likeness to a swaddled infant 

 that first led to the use of the term pupa in entomology. In 

 such a pupa, the outline of the forewing can be clearly traced, 

 the costa being ventro-lateral in position, as in a " free pupa," 

 but glued as it were to the body-cuticle, the feeler lying close 

 against the costa on either side, and the maxillae and legs 

 being visible between the feelers ventrally ; these various 

 organs stand out as ridges on the general surface. The hinder 

 half of the abdomen projects beyond the tips of the pupal 

 wings, and, as already briefly mentioned in a previous chapter 



1 J. Mangan : " The Life-history of Syagrius intrudens ". Journ. Econ. 

 iol., Vol. III. 1908. 



