204 THE STUDY OF INSECTS. 



selection. The classification of animals and plants should not be 

 merely the assorting of them into convenient pigeon-holes, but 

 a serious study of their blood-relationships. 



The following synopsis will serve to show what we believe to be 

 the relations of the principal divisions of the order. Following this 

 synopsis there is a table for use in classifying specimens. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE LEPIDOPTERA. 

 {See page 207 for a table for determining specimens.} 



A. THE JUGATE LEPIDOPTERA. Moths in which the two wings of 



each side are united by SLjiigum (Fig. 238,7'), p. 214. 



Suborder JUGAT/E. 



B. The Swifts or Macrojugatce, p. 215 Family HEPIALID/E. 



BB. The Little-wing Jugates or Microju^ata\ p. 216. 



Family MiCROPTERYGlD^E. 

 AA. THE FRENATE LEPIDOPTERA. Moths, skippers, and butterflies 



in which the two wings of each side are united by afrenulum (Fig. 



237, /) or by its substitute, a large humeral angle of the hind wing 



(Fig. 241), p. 216 Suborder FRENATE. 



B. THE GENERALIZED FRENAIVE. Moths that are supposed to 

 retain more nearly than any other Frenatae the form of the primi- 

 tive Frenatse, those that were the first to appear on earth. In 

 these generalized moths the wings approach the typical form ; 

 the base of vein V of one or both pairs of wings is preserved 

 throughout a considerable part at least of the discal cell ; and 

 the anal veins are well preserved, there being two or three in 

 the fore wing and three in the hind wing. The frenulum is 

 usually well preserved. 



The Flannel-moths, p. 218 Family MEGALOPYGID/E. 



The Bag-worm Moths, p. 219 Family PSYCHID/E. 



The Carpenter-moths, p. 221 Family COSSID/E. 



The Slug-caterpillar Moths, p. 223 Family EuCL*EiD.rE. 



The Smoky-moths, p. 226 Family PVROMORPHID/E. 



BB. THE SPECIALIZED FRENAIVE. Moths, skippers, and butter- 

 flies that depart more widely than do the Generalized Frenatae' 

 from the primitive type of Lepidoptera, being more highly modi- 

 fied for special conditions of existence. An indication of the 

 specialized condition of these insects is the modified form of the 

 wings. In nearly all the base of vein V has been lost and the 

 branches of this vein joined to veins III and VII. 



