596 



MEDUS.'E OF THE WORLD. 



The early development of the planula takes place among the folds of the copious mouth- 

 curtains ol the adult medusa. Segmentation is total and regular but unequal, the cells of one 

 pole being smallest. The gastrula results from simultaneous delamination and invagination 

 at the small-cell pole. The blastopore closes. The planula attaches itself by its forward end 

 and becomes a scyphostoma which acquires 15 to 20 tentacles and strobilates producing a 

 number ot ephyrae. The details of this development are given under C. capillata. 



It appears that the numerous so-called species of C \anea intergrade to such a degree 

 that we can not maintain them, and I believe there are only two species: C. capillata of the 

 north temperate and Arctic regions and C. aiuiaskala of the south temperate and Antarctic. 

 In common with Pelagia, Chrysaora, Dactylometra, Aurelha and other world-wide forms of 

 medusae, growth-stages, color varieties and local races have frequently been described as 

 separate species, but as our knowledge increases many intergrading forms come to light thus 

 reducing the so-called species to a few dominant types with numerous, closely related offshoots. 

 It is unfortunate that the aim of the old systematic zoology was mainly toward the empha- 

 sizing of distinctions rather than the indication of affinities and the discovery of relationships. 



Cyanea is readily distinguished from Desmonema by its radiating muscle strands in the 

 subumbrella, and its horse-shoe shaped clusters of tentacles. 



Cyanea capillata Eschscholtz. 



Plate 65, figs. 3 and 4. 



Medina capillata, LINNE, 1746, Fauna Succica, Ed. i, p. 368, Nr. 1186; Systema Naturae, Ed. 10, 1758, tome i, p. 660; 1788, 



tiimus i, pars 6, p. 3154. FABRICIUS, 1780, Fauna Grocnlandica, p. 364. 



C\anea capillata, Eschscholtz, 1829, Syst. der Acalephen, p. 68. VAN BENEDEN, 1886, Fauna, littor, Belg., p. 77, taf. I, 2. 

 HAEOKEL, 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 529. HAMANN, 1890, Internal. Monatsschrift Anat. Physiol., Bd. 7, p. 259, 

 taf. 12. BROWNE, 1905, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 25, p. 771;. MAAS, 1906, Fauna Arctica, Bd. 4, Lfg. 3, pp. 486, 

 511. HOLT, 1902, Report Fisheries of Ireland, part 2. 



Cyanea artica, PERON r.T LESUEUR, 1809, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, tome 14, p. 363. MORCH, 1857, Beskriv. af Gro'nland, 

 p. 95. Ar.Assiz, L., 1862, Cont. Nat. Hist. TJ. S., vol. 4, pp. 87, 162; Ibid. 1860, vol. 3, plates 3-5^; plate 10, figs. 1-17, 

 19-21, 23-30, 33-35, 37, 38; plate ioa, figs. 1-40, 5-120, 14, 15, 17-40. PACKARD, 1863, Canadian Naturalist and Gcol., 



vol. 8. AGASSIZ, A., 1865, North Amer. Acal., 

 p. 44, fig. 67. HAECKEL, 1880. Syst. der 

 Medusen, p. 530. FEWKF.S, 1881, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool. at Harvard College, vol. 8, No. 8, 

 p. 166, plate 7, figs, i, 4, 5, 8-14. WAGNER, 

 1885, VVirbcllosen des Weissen Meeres, Bd. I, 

 p. 83, taf. 5, 6.--MAcMrRRicH, 1891, Amer. 

 Naturalist, vol. 25, p. 287. HARGITT, 1902, 

 Science, ser. 2, vol. 15, p. 571. MACALLUM. 

 1903, Journal of Physiology, Cambridge, Eng- 

 land, vol. 29, pp. 213-241. HYDE, 1894, Zeit. 

 fiir wissen. Zool., Bd. 58, p. 531, taf. 34, fign. 

 54-62; taf. 35, fign. 63-79; taf. 36, fign. 94-96. 

 HARGITT, H)04, Bull. U. S. Bureau of Fisher- 

 ies, vol. 24, p. 68. MAAS, 1904, Result. Camp. 

 Sci. Prince de Monaco, fasc. 28, p. 56. VAN- 

 HOFFEN, 1906, Nordisches Plankton, Nr. n,p. 

 53, fign. 16-19; C- capillata, p. 52, fig. 15; C. 

 lamarcki, pp. 53, 64, fign. 35-37. HARGITT, 

 1905, Journal Experimental Zoo]., vol. 2, p. 

 574 (variations). 

 C\anea lumarckii, PERON ET LESUEUR, 1809, Ann. 



Musec Hist. Nat., Paris, tome 14, p. 363. 

 Cyanea postelsii, GOULD, A. A., 1841, (non Brandt) 

 Report Invert. Massachusetts, p. 347. STIMP- 

 SON, 1853, Marine Invert. Grand Manan, p. 1 1 . 

 Cyanea , M'KENDRICK, J. G., 1881, Journal 

 Anat. and Physiol., vol. 15, p. 261 (coloring 

 matter). 



Cyanea lamarcki, DELAP, 1905, Annual Report Fis.h- 

 FlG. 380. Cyanea caftillata, after Vanhoffen, in Nordisches Plankton. cries of Ireland 1902-03, part 2, Appendix I 



(reared from the egg in an aquarium). 

 Cyanea lamarcki:, HAF.CKEL, 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 530 (literature). JOIIBIN, 1906, Bull. Musee Oceanograph., Monaco, 



No. 66, p. 27, fig. 28 (after Delap). VANHOFFEN, 1908, Deutsche Sudpolar Expedition, Zool. 2, Bd. lo, p. 39. 

 Cyanea lamarckii= C. capillata, M. INTOSH, 1885, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 15, p. 148. 

 For literature of C. fnha and C. versicola see the detailed account of these varieties. 

 Cyanea ferruginea, ESCHSCHOLTZ, 1829, Syst. der Acalephen, p. 70, taf. 5, fig. i. 



C\anropsis behringiana, BRANDT, 1838, Mem. Acad. St. Petersbourg, Sci. Nat., ser. 6, tome 4, p. 379, taf. II, fig. I. 

 Cyanea ferruginea, HAECKEL, 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 1:31. MAAS, 1903, Scyphomedusen der Siboga Exped., Monog. 11, 

 p. 28. VANHOFFEN, 1906, Nordisches Plankton, Nr. n, p. 55, fig. zo. 



