S KM. \KOSTOMK.K SANDKUI A , I)KSM( )X KMA. .V.ll 



Found in the Indian Ocean, Gulf of Aden, at Singapore, and off the east coast of Africa. 

 Some specimens of this medusa were found by the U. S. Fisheries Bureau Steamer .ll/mtross 

 in the Philippine Islands in March and April, 1908, and Kishinouve found it at Misaki, 

 Japan. 



A perfect specimen found by the Albatross on March 8, 1908, at station D 5175 in the Sulu 

 Sea, southeast of Cagayanes Islands, Philippine Islands, had a bell 75 mm. wide, palps 4(1 long, 

 central stomach 35 wide, contracted tentacles 65 long, and with 25 to 30 finger-shaped pro- 

 jections bordering each genital ostium. 



Kishinouye, 1910, found an abnormal specimen with 13 tentacles, 13 rhopalia, 2(1 lappets 

 and irregularly developed gonads. He found that a fish of the genus Psenes accompanied 

 the medusa. 



Family CYANEIDjE L. Agassiz, 1862. 



Cfane'uLt, AC.ASMZ, L., 1862, Cunt. Nat. Hist. I'. S., vol. 4, pp. 114, 161. AGASSIZ, A., 1865, North Amer. Ac.il.. p. 44. 



HAECKEL, 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 518; 1881, Challenger Report, /.<>.,!., lid. 4, part, i, p. 124. Cl AI -. i v\;, ( >rgan. 

 und Entwick. Medusen, p. 24. VON LKNDENFELD, 1884, Proc. Linnean Soc. NVv, South \\.il-s, vol. 9, p. 271. CIAI S, 

 1886, Arbeit. Zool. Inst. Univ. Wicn., Bd. 7, p. no. VANHOFFEN, 1906, Nordischcs Plankton, Nr. n, p. 51. MAAS, 

 1906, Fauna Arctica, Bd. 4, Lfg. 3, p. 505. 



FAMILY CHARACTERS. 



Semaeostomes with a single, 4-sided, central mouth surrounded In 4 perradially situated, 

 curtain-like lips. The tentacles arise from the floor of the suhumbrella. at some distance 

 inward from the margin, and are usually in clusters. The gonads are situated in 4 complexly 

 folded, imerradial outpocketings of the wall of the subumbrella. The central stomach gi\cs 

 rise to radiating, peripheral pouches, which in turn give rise to numerous branching, non- 

 anastomosing, blind canals in the lappets. There is no ring-canal. The tentacles are hollow. 



The medusae of this family are apparently descended from some such forms as the Pelag- 

 idas. They resemble the Pelagida; in the structure of the oral appendages, the general plan 

 of the gastrovascular system, and in the lobulation of the bell-margin. They differ mainly 

 in the complex branching of the peripheral edges of the radiating stomach-pouches, and 

 above all in that the tentacles arise from the floor of the subumbrella, not from the notches 

 between the lappets as in the Pelagidse. The young medusie are strikingly similar to tin- 

 Pelagidae in all respects, for their radiating stomach-pouches are simple and the tentacles 

 first appear in the notches between the lappets. The margin grows beyond the bases of the 

 tentacles as development proceeds, however, and thus they come secondarily to arise from 

 the floor of the subumbrella. Indeed the tentacles of all Scyphomedusae are structures of the 

 subumbrella. 



In ('.\nncn the development is known to be through a sessile sc\ phustnnia which strobi- 

 lates, giving off a number of ephyrae which develop into mature imilus;e. The Cyaneidae are 

 of universal distribution, but the great majority of the species are found in the temperate 

 regions and in the colder waters. Unlike the Pelagidae the Cyaneidae are creatures of the 

 shallower waters along shores, not animals of the high seas. 



A synopsis of the genera of the Cyaneidas follows: 



Desmonema L. AUASSIZ, 1862. 8 rhopalia, 8 adradial clusters of tentacles. No radial-muscle strands in the subum- 

 brella. 



C\anea PEK\ tr l.isrn-R, 1809= Proc\anea+ .WeJara + Strnopl\cha j r- Deitnontma (in part) * (.'.. HAClcrt,l88o. 

 S rhopalia, 8 adradial clusti'i of tentacles; each cluster contains several rows of tentacles. Both radial and circular 

 muscles in the subumbrella. 



Dr-imonema HAECKEL, 1880. 8 rhopalia. Tentacles not grouped in isolated clusters, but arising from a wide zone in 

 the subumbrella. 



( ?) Patera LESSON, 184', (doubtful). 16 rhopalia. 16 clusters of tentacles alternating with the radii of the rhopalia. 



Genus DESMONEMA Agassiz, 1862. 



Couthouvia, used for Mollusca by Adams. lS(,o, Ann.il. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 410. 



Couthouyia, AGASSIZ, L., 1862, Cont. Nat. Hist. I". V, \.<1. 4. pp. 118, 163. 



Couthouya, Maas, 1906, Fauna Arctic.). B I. 4. l.tr. -,. pp. 487, 505; 1908, Eipedition Antarctiquc Franchise, Meduscs, p. 3. 



Desmonema, AC.ASM/. I... [861, l'..nt.\at. Hi-t. I . S.. vol. 4, p. 166. HAECKEL, (in part), iSSo, Syst. dcr Mcdusrn, p. 526. 

 LENDENFELO R.,V,.N.. |S* 4 , Pr.ic. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 273. V*N H..t FEN, 1888, Bibliothcca Zoo- 

 logica,BJ. I, Heft. 3, p. 17. BROWNE, 1908, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 46, p. 24;. VANRorriN, njos. [Vutsche 

 Sudpolar Eiped., Bd. 10, Zool. 2, p. 40. 



Meiiora (young stage), AGASSIZ, L., 1862, C..MI. Nat. Mi,i. I S.. \,,1. 4, p. n8. 



Medora, preoccupied for Mollusca by Adams, 1858, (ienrra of Mollusca, vol. 2, p. 183. 



