446 THE ANIMALS AND MAN 



blackish brown. And when not walking slowly about 

 it always rests quietly on a twig or branch, from 

 which the eye with difficulty separates it. In the tropics 

 the so-called green-leaf insect, Phyllium, resembles in great 

 detail a broad green leaf. Its body is broad and leaf-shaped, 

 its color bright green with delicate lines to imitate the midrib 

 and veins of a leaf, and it even has pale irregular yellow* 

 spots which imitate mouldy and yellow places on a real 

 leaf. But most remarkable of all is the famous dead-leaf 

 insect, Kallima (fig. 231), not uncommon in tropical Africa, 

 South America, and the Australasian islands. The upper 

 surfaces of the wings of this butterfly are brownish gray 

 with a broad purplish bar on each wing, making a rather 

 conspicuous pattern; 

 but the under sides 

 are so colored and 

 are marked with 

 such faithfulness of 



detail that when Fir,. 232. Larva of the monarch butterfly, 

 Kallima alights and conspicuously marked with black and whitish- 

 folds its Wings to- yellow_ wings, and distasteful to birds. (Nat- 



ural size.) 



gether above its 



back, as butterflies do, it resembles exactly a large, brown, 

 dead leaf, still attached to the twig by a short pedicel or 

 stem (imitated by a "tail" on the hind wings). The mock 

 leaf is veined by means of lines of darker scales exactly as 

 leaves are veined. 



In this country are certain butterflies, the Graptas, some- 

 times called dead-leaf butterflies, which resemble in color 

 and shape, and in the ragged edges of the wing, dead and 

 torn autumn leaves, but the resemblance is not carried out 

 in such detail as with Kallima. 



Warning colors. But not all insects or other animals 

 are colored like their surroundings. Often indeed color and 

 pattern are such as to make an animal very noticeable. 



