12 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. 



ics, where all his wants are supplied by the spontaneous 

 productions of the soil, nor in the frigid regions, where 

 he wages a constant warfare with nature to secure food 

 and clothing, that Man appears in his highest stage of 

 development ; but it is in the temperate regions that he 

 reaches his highest expression physically, mentally, and 

 morally. Ethnologists recognize three principal varieties, 

 or types, of Man, each having certain characteristics not 

 possessed by the others, the Caucasian, the Mongo- 

 lian, and the Ethiopian. Besides these, there are the 

 Malayan and the American, which are regarded as sub- 

 ordinate types, and derived from the Mongolian. With 

 this explanation, we may regard the human family as 

 composed of five types, or races, the Caucasian, Mon- 

 golian, Ethiopian, Malayan, and American. 



The Caucasian race occupies Europe, except Lapland 

 and Finnland, Southwestern Asia, Northern Africa, Ice- 

 land, and the United States. The Caucasian type is 

 characterized by a round or oval head, smooth skull, ver- 

 tical and symmetrical features, fair complexion, ample 

 beard, and medium stature. The facial angle varies from 

 75 to about 90, and the capacity of the skull from 75 to 

 109 cubic inches. The Caucasians are possessed of a 

 considerable degree of muscular strength, energy, and 

 endurance, and in many cases these exist in a marked 

 degree of superiority. They are more beautiful in per- 

 son, and exhibit higher intelligence and refinement, than 

 any other race. They are represented in Southwestern 

 Asia by the Hindoos, Persians, and Syro-Arabians ; in 

 Europe by the Teutonians, who inhabit Iceland, Scan- 

 dinavia, Germany, the eastern and southeastern portions 

 of Scotland, the eastern part of England, and the north- 

 eastern part of Ireland ; and by the Celts, who inhabit 

 Western and Southern Europe, including most of Scot- 

 land and Ireland, Wales, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, 



