378 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION. 



from the cave deposits of Brazil, which have been referred to Anti- 

 lope and Leptotherium, are completely absent from America. In 

 Southern and Western Europe they date from the Miocene period, 

 continuing through the Pliocene and Post-Pliocene. The richest 

 antelopine deposit is that of Pikermi, Greece, whence Professor 

 Gaudry has described the genera Gazella, Pala30tragus, Tragoceros, 

 PalaBoryx, and Palaeoreas, the last two most intimately related 

 to the recent Oryx (gemsbok) and Oreas (koodoo) respectively. 

 Several, or most, of these types have also been recognised in the 

 more or less equivalent deposits of France, Spain, Italy, and the 

 Vienna Basin ; Antilope cristata of the Middle Miocene of Switzer- 

 land appears to have had its nearest ally among recent forms in 

 the chamois. African-type antelopes are still met with in the 

 late Pliocene, or Post-Pliocene, volcanic deposits of the Auvergne 

 (France). The only unequivocal antelopine remains from Britain 

 are those of Gazella Anglica, recently described by Mr. Newton 

 from the newer Pliocene beds of Norwich, England ; not impossi- 

 bly, however, the saiga is also represented in the English fauna. 

 Some eight or more species of the family, principally referable to 

 modern genera Oreas, Palaeoryx, Portax (nylghau), Gazella, An- 

 tilope, and Alcelaphus have been described from the early Plio- 

 cene of the Siwalik Hills. 



The bubaline or bovine ruminants proper (Bovina) comprise 

 about thirteen recent species, which are distributed over the greater 

 part of Eurasia, Africa, and North America. The buffaloes are 

 represented by four species, two African, Bubalus Gaffer (Cape 

 buffalo) and B. brachyceros, the former of which roams over the 

 greater part of Southern and Central Africa, and two Asiatic, the 

 Buffelus Sondaicus and B. Indicus, from the last of which has 

 descended the domesticated variety which has been so extensive- 

 ly acclimatised in North Africa, Italy, Greece, and Hungary. A 

 form related to the buffaloes, but differing in certain important 

 essentials, is the dwarf wild-cow of the island of Celebes (Anoa or 

 Probubalus Celebensis), whose early representatives occur fossil in 

 the Pliocene deposits of the Siwalik Hills of India. Two species 

 of buffalo, referable to the genus Buffelus, likewise occur fossil in 

 the Indian deposits (Pliocene and Post-Pliocene), and one species, 

 B. Pallasii, in the Quaternary of Danzig, Germany. Associated with 

 the former are the bubaline forms Amphibos (Hemibos) and Lepto- 



