398 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION. 



into the wilds of the interior ; the nearly related and rock-inhabit- 

 ing chacma (C. porcarius) and sphinx (C. Sphinx), from the south 

 and west of the continent respectively ; and the hamadryas (C. 

 hamadryas), whose home is constituted principally by the coast 

 mountains of Abyssinia and Southern Nubia, and the littoral of 

 Western Arabia. A somewhat aberrant form, the gelada (C. gela- 

 da), differing from the other baboons in the non- terminal position 

 of the nostrils, and hence sometimes constituted into a distinct ge- 

 nus (Theropithecus), inhabits the highlands of Abyssinia at an 

 elevation, according to Schimper, of from 10,000 to 13,000 feet. 



The macaques, if we exclude the Barbary ape or magot, whose 

 habitat in the north of Africa and on the Rock of Gibraltar has al- 

 ready been noted, are exclusively Asiatic, ranging on the continent 

 from the Himalayas to Japan, and southward to the extremity of the 

 Malay Peninsula. One or more species of the group are found on 

 nearly all the more important islands of the Malay Archipelago, from 

 Sumatra to Timor. The best-known form is the common macaque 

 (Macacus cynomolgus), whose habitat comprises nearly the whole 

 of Southeast Asia, and the islands of Sumatra, Banca, Java, Bor- 

 neo, Celebes, Bali, Lombok, Flores, Sumbawa, and Timor. In 

 Java, where it ascends to a height of 5,000 feet, it is one of the 

 commonest of animals, and has been brought into a general condi- 

 tion of domestication. Other well-known forms of the group are 

 the Rhesus-monkey (M. Rhesus), whose home is British India, 

 especially the wooded tracts of the lower Himalayas, and the 

 wanderoo (M. Silenus), from the forest region of Malabar. The 

 former has been observed to ascend the Himalayas to an eleva- 

 tion of upwards of 10,000 feet, and even during the winter it is 

 said to dwell habitually in the snow-clad forests about Simla. A 

 remarkable and somewhat aberrant form of this group, the black 

 macaque (M. niger), whose relationship with the African baboons 

 is more intimate than that of any of the other species, inhabits 

 Celebes (and Batchian ?) ; it is frequently recognised as the type 

 of a distinct genus, Cynopithecus. 



The remaining types of Old World monkeys are usually included 

 in the genera Semnopithecus and Colobus, constituting the sub- 

 family Semnopithecinae, the former of which, with probably not 

 less than twenty-five species, are exclusively Asiatic, and the latter, 

 considerably less numerous, African. Of the genus Semnopithecus, 



