MAMMALIA. 93 



the carnivore-fauna of the Oriental region from that of the Ethio- 

 pian is the presence in the former of bears, which comprise here 

 not only the singular forms known as the sun-bears (Helarctos), 

 confined to the Indo-Malayan sub-region, and the honey-bears (Me- 

 lursus), whose range extends from the Ganges to Ceylon, but also the 

 true bears of the genus Ursus. The Indian elephant inhabits nearly 

 all the wooded tracts from the Himalaya slopes to Ceylon, and east- 

 ward to Borneo and Sumatra.* The Oriental region is, par excel- 

 lence, the headquarters of the true mice and squirrels, there being 

 no less than about fifty specific representatives to each of the genera 

 Mus and Sciurus, or about one-half the number of all the forms 

 that have been ascribed to these genera. Both the round- and flat- 

 tailed flying squirrels (Pteromys, Sciuropterus) are distributed 

 throughout the region, the former, with the exception of three or 

 four extra-limital species found in Japan, being restricted to it, 

 and the latter distributed throughout a considerable portion of 

 the Holarctic region, and on both sides of the Atlantic. The 

 marmot is found in the debatable lands of the Western Himalayas, 

 at heights exceeding eight thousand feet. The bats have a much 

 more extended development in this region than in any other, except 

 the Neotropical, there being upwards of one hundred distinct spe- 

 cific representatives. These include members of all the generally 

 recognised families except the Phyllostomidoe, or simple leaf -nosed 

 bats (to which the South American vampyres belong), and conse- 

 quently embrace the short- and long-eared bats, the horse-shoe bats, 

 and the fruit-eating bats (Pteropidaa), commonly known as flying- 

 foxes. The most important of the Oriental Quadrumana are the 

 macaques (Macacus), to which the Barbary ape of the Rock of Gib- 

 raltar belongs, and which inhabit the entire region, and the long- 

 tailed Semnopithecus, which has nearly the same range, and several 

 of whose representatives inhabit the more elevated forests, even 

 during the winter, at heights exceeding eleven thousand feet. To 

 this genus belongs the peculiar Bornean " nose-monkey " (S. nasa- 

 lis). The anthropoid apes are confined to the southeastern portion 

 of the region, and principally to the larger islands of the Malay 



* The Javanese elephants do not appear to be indigenous to the Island of 

 Java. The Sumatra elephant, which was considered by Professor Schlcgel to 

 represent a distinct species apart from the Indian (Elephas Sumatrensis), ia 

 now usually referred to the latter species. 



