150 VERTEBRATA: AVES OR BIRDS. 



The following classification is adopted in "A History 

 of North American Birds? by S. F. Baird, T. M. Brew- 

 er, and R. Ridgeway : * 



A. PASSERES (including Oscines and Clamatores), as Swallows, 



Warblers, Sparrows, Thrushes, Flycatchers, etc. 



B. PlCARI^E, as Huniniing-birds, Cuckoos, Woodpeckers, Goat- 



suckers, etc. 



C. PSITTACI, as Parrots, etc. 



D. EAPTORES, as Owls, Falcons, Vultures, etc. 



E. COLUMB.E, as Doves. 



F. GALLING, as Turkeys, Grouse, Quail, etc. 



G. LlMICOLJS, as Avosets, Turnstones, Plovers, Snipe, etc. 

 H. HERODIONES, as Herons and Ibises. 



I. ALECTORIDES, as Rails, Coots, Gallinules, etc. 

 J. LAMELLIROSTRES, as Flamingoes, Ducks, and Geese. 

 K. STEGANOPODES, as Gannets, Pelicans, Cormorants, Snake- 

 birds, etc. 



L. LONGIPENNES, as Gulls and Petrels. 

 M. PYGOPODES, as Divers, Grebes, and Auks. 

 K SPHEJSTICI, as Penguins only. 



Having presented some of the most recent and impor- 

 tant classifications of the Birds, we may now present the 

 old division of the Class of Birds into seven groups or 

 orders omitting fossil species, and introduce the more 

 modern names in the proper places, so as to show the 

 relations of the most recent classification to the old. The 



* It may be remarked here that in the introduction of this work writ- 

 tun by Dr. Gill the authors feel compelled " to question the existence of 

 any groups of ordinal value among recent birds." 



