153 VERTEBRATA : AVES OR BIRDS. 



Having made the student acquainted with some of the 

 principal classifications of Birds, so far as regards the 

 higher groups, we now adopt, for our present purposes, 

 the classification presented on the 150th page, introduc- 

 ing, after the Gallinae, only the additional group of Brevi- 

 pennes, and treating all the groups, provisionally, as 

 orders. 



It must be stated here, however, that it is not probable that all 

 these groups will ever be established as genuine zoological orders. 



With this- explanation, we may write all the higher 

 groups of Birds as follow :- 



1. PASSERES, as Thrushes, Sparrows, Flycatchers, etc. 



2. PlCARI/E, as Humming-birds, Cuckoos, Woodpeckers, etc. 



3. PsiTTACI, as Parrots, etc. 



4. RAPTORES, as Falcons, Owls, Vultures, etc. 



5. CoLUMB,E, as Doves. 



6. GALLING, as Turkeys? Grouse, Quail, etc. 



7. BREVIPENNES, as Ostriches, etc. 



8. LlMICOL^E, as Avosets, Turnstones, Plovers, Snipe, etc. 



9. HERODIONES, as Herons, Ibises, etc. 



10. A.LECTORIDES, as Rails, Coots, Gallinules, etc. 



11. LAMELLIROSTRES, as Flamingoes, Ducks, Geese, etc. 



12. STEGANOPODES, as Gannets, Pelicans, Cormorants, etc. 



13. LoNGIPENNES, as Gulls and Petrels. 



14. PYGOPODES, as Divers, Grebes, and Auks. 



15. SPHENICI, as Penguins only. 



