138 



VERTEBRATA t AVES OR BIRDS. 



in locomotion by beating the air, as exemplified in the Ostriches, or 

 by striking the water as in the case of the Penguin (Fig. 210). 



The quills attached to the hand are called primaries, and are the 

 largest and firmest ; those attached to the forearm are called second- 

 aries ; and those attached to the humerus, tertiaries. Ranges of 

 shorter feathers cover the bases of the quills above and below, and are 

 called coverts. The feathers that grow from the shoulders are called 

 scapulars; those from the thumb, spurious quills. 



The tail has a range of long quills, with upper and 

 lower coverts, which serve both for ornament and to aid 

 in supporting and guiding the animal in the air. 



FIG. 155. 



Occiput 

 Parotic region - 

 Nape . 



Tertiaries 



Secondaries 



Primaries 

 Lower coverts 

 Tail 



Thumb 



Crown. 

 Forehead. 

 Nasal fossa. 

 U. mandible 

 Lower " 

 Throat. 



Fore neck. 



Spur, quills. 

 Sm. quills. 

 Breast. 

 Mid. coverts 



Large " 



Belly. 

 Tibia. 



Tarsus. 



Interior toe. 

 Middle " 

 Exterior " 



Showing the names of some of the principal parts of a Bird. 



Both the quills and the feathers consist of two parts, 

 the shaft and the vane / the former is the axis, and the 

 latter the expanded part. The vane consists of plates or 

 laminae, which are connected by minute barbs or hooks 

 along their edges, and are thus rendered firm to resist the 

 air. There are, however, on every bird, downy feathers, 

 or such as do not have the lamina} united. 



