254 ELEMENTARY STUDIES IN INSECT LIFE 



the bottle, to aid further in taking up the moisture which 

 collects therein. 



Terms Used in Denning Position and Direction. With a 

 specimen of the yellow grasshopper in hand it will be 

 evident to the observer that the terms " up " and 

 " down," " before " and " behind," and kindred terms 

 denoting direction, are frequently indefinite in describ- 

 ing the location of the parts of an insect. Should these 

 terms be applied to an insect, the body being so small 

 and its position so easily changed, it is evident that some 

 confusion and frequent ambiguity would be likely to 

 attend. 



In locating and describing parts, not only in the study 

 of insect life but also in other branches of Zoology, a 

 series of terms adapted to the requirements have come 

 into use. These the student will do well to understand 

 fully in application and significance. 



The cephalic direction is headward. This does not 

 necessarily refer to the head, but refers to anything ex- 

 tending in the direction of the head ; for instance, in 

 Figuie 202 the front margin of the wing will be spoken 

 of as the cephalic margin of the wing. The adverb de- 

 noting direction headward is ceplialad; that is, one can 

 say the front wing is ceplialad of the hind wing. 



The direction opposite from cephalic is the caudal di- 

 rection, or tailward, and is used in just the same way 

 as the term cephalic direction. The adverb from this 

 is caudad. 



Lateral directions refer to points on the right or left 

 side of the body. Laterad is the adverbial expression 

 used. 



The ventral direction, or downward, refers to what 



