294 ELEMENTARY STUDIES IN INSECT LIFE 



FF. Hind tibiae armed with one or two stout teeth, 



with short stout spines at tip. Cercopidae. 



( Spittle Insects.) 



BB. Tarsi usually two-jointed. 



C. Legs long and slender, not fitted for leaping; antennae 



three- to seven-jointed. Aphididae. 



(Plant-Lice or Green-Flies.) 



CC. Hind legs fitted for leaping; antennae nine- or ten- 

 jointed. Psyllidae. 



(Jumping Plant-Lice.) 



BBB. Tarsi usually composed of one joint. Minute in- 

 sects; males with one pair of wings, females wingless and 

 much degraded, so that most of the external organs and 



appendages cannot be distinguished. Coccidae. 



( Scale Insects.) 



LEPIDOPTERA. 



A. Antennae knobbed at tip, or thickened near the tip; never 

 feather-like or with process projecting from the sides. Hind 

 wings without frenulum but with the humeral area of hind wing 

 extended forward under the front wing. (Butterflies.) 

 B. First pair of legs different from the other pairs; gen- 

 erally much smaller and not used as legs. 

 C. Front pair of legs very small, claws wanting. 



NymphaUdae. 



(Brush-footed Butterflies.) 



CC. Front pair of legs but little reduced in size; claws 



present. Lycaenidae. 



( Blues and Coppers.) 



BB. First pair of legs like the other pairs. 



C. Front tibiae without pads ; claws toothed. 



Pieridae. 



( Cabbage Butterflies.) 

 CC. Front tibiae with a pad. 



D. Claws large and simple; i.e., not toothed; antennae 



generally straight at tip. Papilionidae. 



(Swallowtails.) 



DD. Claws short and thick, and toothed at the base; 



antennse generally recurved at tip. Hesperidae. 



( Skippers.) 



Before undertaking the systematic study of AA, the second 

 group, or moths, an understanding of the wing structures of 



