310 REPORT ON ZOOLOGY, MDCCCXLIV. 



lejagebirge gesaramelten Insekten, in v. Hiigel's Kaschmir, 

 iv, p. 395.) 



This department exhibits very peculiar relations. It is a striking phe- 

 nomenon in the Fauna and Flora of the Himalaya chain in general, that the 

 forms of tropical India extend up the southern face to the mountain heights. 

 This is accounted for by the direction of the chain, which shuts out the 

 cold winds from the east and north, while the southern slope is open to 

 the warm cm-rents from the south and south-west, under whose influence 

 the valleys that open southwards produce purely tropical forms. On the 

 opposite side the law is in force to which the other elevated tracts of India 

 are subjected, that the temperate climate yields forms corresponding to 

 those of central Europe within similar limits of temperature. In conse- 

 quence, tropical forms appear in this Fauna intermingled with those which 

 bear the stamp of the temperate zone. Of 185 Lepidoptcra collected in 

 Cashmere and the Himalaya, 107 present the character of the tropical, 78 

 of the temperate zone. Among the Coleoptera the proportion is 79 to 37. 

 In Orthoptera (including the Libclluliui, enumerated among the Neurop- 

 tera) 20 to 16. In Hemiptera 44 to 22. In Hymeuoptera 32 to 17. In 

 Diptera 3 to 21. Thus it appears that tropical forms predominate in most 

 of the orders, and those of the temperate zone in Diptera alone. Among 

 the Lepidoptera, along with the purely tropical forms of which Papilio 

 protenor, polyctor, sarpedon, cloanthus, agestor, panope, Pieris Valeria, pliryxe, 

 horsfieldii, epicharis, mesentina, coronis, gliciria, Thestias cenippe, marianne, 

 pirene, Callidryas philippina, pyranthe, minna, hilaria, alcmeone, Loxura 

 atymnus, Polyommatus vulcanus, Danais similis, limniace, Eupleea coreta, 

 NympJialis lisianassa, liria, aconthea, Limenitis leucothoe, stropliia, CJiara.res 

 bernardus, atlutmas, Argynnis niphe, phalanta, Vanessa charonia, oritlii/ia, 

 tenone, limonia, aim-ana, hippoda, Libytliea myrrha, Cethosia cyane, Biblis 

 protogenia, Satyr us europa, leda, latiksia, Macroglossa picus, Chalcosia tiberina, 

 Erebus crcpuscularis, retorta, are diffused over the greater part of the East 

 Indies or of the entire Old World, a large list of mere European species 

 reappears : Papilio miachaon, Pieris brassier, Rhodoccra rJiamni, Colias riiyr- 

 midone, J/yale, Lyctena btetica, umyntas, argiolus, ugestis, Polyommatiis phi ecus, 

 Limenitis aceris, Argynnis latonia, Liparis chrysorrhata, Lithosia pulchra, 

 Triplifcua siibsecp/a, Trachea atriplicis, Noctua c. nigrum, Plusia gamma, 

 chalcith, Uraptcryx samb/icdria, Nymphtda interpunctulis, pot ctmog alls. 

 Among the Coleoptera the number of species identical with those of Europe 

 is less, being limited to Colophotia italica, Lcma ^-pundata, and Eiitomoscclis 

 adonidis, while Anisoteles bimaculatus, Hope, Ilister melanariits, Er., Gymno- 

 pleurus shmatus, 01., Xylotrypes oromedon, F., Prot(ftia albo-ynttata, -Vig., 

 Mylalris sidcc, F., Bcttoceni S-wacnlata, F., Podontia \'\-punctata, F., are 

 spread over the greater part of India, and partially of Southern Asia, and 



