ENTOMOLOGY HYMENOPTERA. 359 



closed or effaced spiracles in the following segments. The position of the 

 gills, accordingly, is as uncommon as their presence at all in a perfect 

 insect. The pupa has the gills likewise, only still more developed. Pictet 

 has remarked that the larva; throughout this family have gills on the chest, 

 with the exception of Perla viresceus and uigra, which woidd seem to 

 indicate a different mode of life in these species. The same is the case with 

 the pupee of Pteronarcys regalis and Perla abuornms, Newm., respectively. 

 According; to Mr. Barnstoue's observations, the former lives in the water at the 



o 



bottom of the river, the latter in the chinks of the float-wood, and trunks 

 of trees, upon the banks, &c. Pt. regalis is a nocturnal insect, lurking by 

 day in damp places under stones. Consequently it may breathe through its 

 gills, as it is not indispensable that these should be in immediate contact 

 with water, they perform their function equally well if the air is only moist 

 enough to keep them pliant. A closer anatomical examination will be 

 necessary to determine whether it possesses tracheae also, for though 

 there are orifices on the underside of the chest, they are in an unusual 

 position, in the middle of the respective breastplates (sterna), partly between 

 the hips, and it is questionable whether they communicate with tracheae. 

 The presence of gills seems to be one of the distinctive characters of the 

 genus Pteronarcys, as they have been found in Pt. regalis, lilola, proteus, 

 and in an undescribed species. In dried specimens they shrink up and are 

 often lost, though their existence can usually be ascertained. 



LIBELLTJLINLE. Selys Longchamps (Rev. Zool. 135) has discovered a 

 new European species of Corduleyaster, and has distinguished it, as C. iideii- 

 tatus, from C. aimulatus, which it much resembles. 



Hagen has endeavoured to prove that the Libellula vulgaris of Linnaeus 

 is Donovan's L. scotica (Eut. Zeit. 257) ; subsequently (p. 290) he has shown 

 that L. cancellata, L., which Zetterstedt has referred to L. scotica, Don., 

 belongs in reality to the species commonly known for it [Z. lineolata, Charp.], 

 and that the name scotica, must be retained, as the oldest, for the other 

 species [L. niyra, Charp., Burm.] 



NEUROPTERA. 



Hageu has reviewed the recent works upon the genus Ruphidia. (Eut. 

 Zeit. 180.) 



HYMENOPTERA. 



The article upon this order in Ratzeburg's Forstinsekteu 

 (vol. iii, pp. 1-14) has a claim to be noticed more parti- 



