4G8 



ZOOLOGY. 



phibians having a middle ear in addition to the internal ear 

 of fishes. In toads and frogs the tongue is quite free and 

 capable of being protruded, except in Pipa and Dactyk- 

 tlira, where it is entirely wanting. In other forms the 

 tongue is much as m fishes, not being capable of extension 



from the mouth. As in 

 fishes, there are no salivary 

 glands. The gills of Am- 

 phibians consist of two or 

 three pairs of branched, 

 fleshy appendages, which 

 grow out from as many 

 arches. While in the toad 

 and frog the gills are small 

 and remain but for a short 

 time, in the larval salaman- 

 ders, especially the axolotl 

 (Fig. 430), the gills arc still 

 longer retained, while in 

 the mud-puppy (A/ecturus) 

 they persist throughout life. 

 The digestive canal is us- 

 ually simple, there being no 

 special enlargement form- 

 ing a stomach ; in other 

 species, both tailless and 

 tailed, the canal dilates into 

 a stomach, which in the 



toad lies across the body- 

 Fig. 430.-.4roto. or larval Salamander, n< , v ;f v T n t-iflliolps which 

 Showing the frills, heart (fl), aortic branches Cavity. -S, Wll 



and lungs (4). P, pulmonary arteries ; i: vp m , f lppo v ino- vpfrptahlc 



np, pulmonary veins ; 4, bnlbus arteriopus lnc -" l j lu tt ^S^ 1 



from which the vascular arches () origi- nm tter, the digestive tract 



Bate ; 6&, branchial vein ; the lower .4, ven-i 



c-iiva ; 1'. descending aorta. From Uervais ig yei'V long and closely COll- 



ed (Fig. 431). 



The lungs are long, slender sa f --s, much like those of the 

 Dipnoan Lcpi<lnxiri>n, which extend backwards into the ab- 

 domen, as in the lizards and snakes, no diaphragm existing 

 to confine them in a thoracic cavity. The larynx exists in 

 a very rudimentary state, though the vocal powers of the 



