PRIMITIVE COLORS AND MARKINGS 209 



such as bright yellow, reds, greens, etc., are derived by more complex 

 chemical processes. We find that dull ochre-yellow and drabs are 

 at the present day the prevalent colors among the less differentiated 

 nocturnal moths. The diurnal forms of Lepidoptera have almost a 

 monopoly of the brilliant colorations, but even in these diurnal 

 forms one finds that dull yellow or drab colors are still quite com- 

 mon upon those parts of their wings that are hidden from view." 



The more primitive moths being more or less uniformly yellowish 

 or drab, the next step was the formation of bars, stripes, finally spots, 

 and eyed spots, these markings in the later forms appearing simul- 

 taneously in one and the same species of certain highly specialized 

 moths and butterflies. All that has been said will prepare the 

 reader for the consideration of the subject of insect coloration. 

 The origin of such markings has been discussed by Weismann, 

 Eimer, Haase, Dixey, Fischer, and others. 



LITERATURE 



Heer, 0. Einfluss des Alpenklimas auf die Farbe der Insecten. (Froebel u. 



Heer, Mitth. aus dem Gebiete der theoret. Erdkunde, 1836, i, pp. 161- 



170.) 

 Goureau. Me'moire sur 1'irisation des ailes des insectes. (Ann. Soc. Ent. 



France, 2 se"r., i, 1843, pp. 201-215.) 

 Laboulbene, A., et M. Follin. Note sur la matiere pulveYulente qui recouvre la 



surface du corps des Lixus et de quelques autres insectes. (Ann. Soc. Ent. 



de France, 1848, vi, pp. 301-305, Fig.) 

 Coquerel, Ch. Note sur la pre"tendue poussiere cryptogamique qui recouvre le 



corps de certains insectes. (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1850, viii, pp. 13-15.) 

 Brauer, F. Beobachtungen in Bezug auf den Farbenwechsel bei Chrysopa vul- 



r/aris. (Verhandl. k. k. zool.-botan. Gesellsch. Wien., 1852, pp. 12-14.) 

 Prittwitz, 0. F. W. v. Bemerkungen iiber die geographische Farbenverteilung 



unter den Lepidopteren. (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1855, xvi, pp. 175-185.) 

 Latham, A. G. The causes of the metallic lustre of the scales on the wings of 



certain moths. (Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Manchester, iii, 1864, pp. 198- 



199. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc., new ser., iv, 1864, pp. 48-49.) 

 Sorby, H. C. On the coloring matter of some Aphides. (Quart. Journ. 



Micr. Sc., new ser., xi, 1871, pp. 352-361.) 

 Leydig, Franz. Bemerkungen liber Farben der Hautdecke und Nerven der 



Driisen bei Insekten. (Archiv f. mikr. Anatomie, xii, 1876, pp. 536-550, 



1 Taf.) 



Weismann, A. Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie, ii, 1876. 

 Hemmerling, Hermann. Ueber die Hautfarbe der Insecten. (Bonn, 1878, 



p. 27.) 



Buckton, C. B. Monograph of the British Aphides. (London, 1879, ii, p. 167.) 

 Cameron, P. Notes on the coloration and development of insects. (Trans. Ent. 



Soc. London, 1880, pp. 69-79.) 



Hagen, Hermann A. On the color and pattern of insects. (Proc. Amer. Acad. 

 ' Arts and Sc., 1882, pp. 234-267.) 

 p 



