MORPHOLOGY OF THE BRAIN 



229 



If the tongue (ligula, or hypopharynx) represents a distinct pair 

 of appendages, then there are seven segments in the head. 



br 



mt 



FIG. 246. Section through head of a carabid, AnojiihalmuK telkarnpfii : br. brain ; fg, frontal 

 ganglion; sue, subcesophageal ganglion; co, commissure; n. I, nerve sending branches to the 

 lingua (I); -ntn, maxillary nerve; mx, 1st maxilla; m m, maxillary muscle; /./', 'Jd maxilla; 

 mt, muscle of mentuin : le, elevator muscle of the oesophagus ; I', of the clypeus, and a third beyond 

 raising the labrum (Ibr); fj>h, epipharynx ; g. (/', salivary glands above; g 2 , lingual gland below 

 the oesophagus (<x) ; m, mouth ; pv, proventriculus ; md, mandible. 



The brain, then, supplies nerves to the compound and simple 

 eyes, and to the antennae, and gives origin to the sympathetic 



not, nrd 



no 



tbr 



(b 



FK;. 247. Median longitudinal Motion through the head of Slutta orientuUx. The nervous 

 system of the head is drawn entire. h;/j>, hypopharynx ; <>. oral cavity ; Ibr, uppor lip ; (if. frontal 

 ganglion ; g, brain ; na, root of the antennal nerve ; no, root of the optic nerve ; ijn, anterior, ;//;, 

 posterior ganglion of the paired visceral nervous system : if. u-.sophajrus ; c, o'sophageal commis- 

 sure ; uxrj, infraoesophageal ganglia ; cc, longitudinal r(iiMiiii>Miri- between this and the first thoracic 

 ganglion; MJ/, common duct, of the salivary glands ; //<. labimn rJd maxilla') ; >, recurrent nerve ; 

 d, nerve uniting the frontal ganglion with the (BSOphageal commissure; e, nerve from this commis- 

 sure to the labrum; f, nerve from the infraoesophageal ganglion to the mandible, g, to the 1st 

 maxillaj, ft, to the lower lip (2d maxillae). A fter Hofer, from Lang. 



nerves ; it is thus the seat of the senses, also of the insect's mind, 

 and coordinates the general movements of the body. 



