46 TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY 



The surface of the epipharynx, then, appears to be highly sensi- 

 tive, and to afford the principal seat of the gustatory organs, which 

 are described under the head of organs of taste. 



LITERATURE ON THE EPIPHARYNX 



Reaumur. Me"moires pour servir a 1'histoire des insectes, v, 1740, p. 318, PI. 28, 



Figs. 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 I. 



Kirby and Spence. Intr. to entomology, iii, 1828, p. 457. 

 De Geer. ii, 1778; v, 26, Fig. 11, M. 

 Kirby and Spence. PI. xii, Fig. 2 K. 

 Latreille. Organisation exte"rieure des insectes, p. 184. (Quoted from Kirby 



and Spence.) 



Savigny. Memoires sur les animaux sans vertebres. Partie l re , 1816, p. 12. 

 Walter, Alfred. Beitriige zur Morphologic der Schmetterlinge. Erster Theil. 



Zur Morphologie des Schmetterlingsmundtheile. (Jena. Zeits., xviii, 1885, 



p. 752.) 



Cheshire, F. R. Bees and bee-keeping, i, London, 1886, p. 93. 

 Joseph, Gustav. Zur Morphologie des Geschmacksorganes bei Inseckten. (Amt- 



licher Bericht der 50 Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher u. Artzte in 



Miinchen. 1877, pp. 227,228.) 



Dimmock, George. The anatomy of the mouth -parts and of the sucking appara- 

 tus of some Diptera, 1881. (Also in Psyche, iii, pp, 231-241, PI. 1, 1882.) 

 Packard, A. S. On the epipharynx of the Panorpidte. (Psyche, 1889, v, 



pp. 159-164. 

 Notes on the epipharynx and the epipharyngeal organs of taste in rnan- 



dibulate insects. (Psyche, v, pp. 193-199, 222-228, 1889.) 



Attachment of the head to the trunk. - - The head is either firmly 

 supported by the broad prothoracic segment in Orthoptera, many 

 beetles, etc., into which it is more or less retracted, or it is free and 

 attached by a slender neck, easily turning on the trunk, as in dragon- 

 flies, flies, etc. In some insects there are several chitinous plates, 

 situated on an island in the membrane on the under side of the neck ; 

 these are the " cervical sclerites " of Sharp, occurring " in Hymen- 

 optera, in many Coleoptera, and in Blattidae." 



The basal or gular region of the head. At the hinder part of the 

 head is the opening (occipital foramen) into the trunk. The cheek 

 (gena) is the side of the head, and to its inner wall is attached the 

 mandibular muscle; it thus forms the region behind the eye and 

 over the base of the mandibles. In the Termitidse, where the head 

 is broad and flat, it forms a distinct piece on the under side of the 

 head bounding the gulo-mental region (Fig. 28). In the Neuroptera 

 (Corydalus, Fig. 29, and Mantispa, Fig. 30) it is less definitely out- 

 lined. 



