THE ORGANS OF HEARING 287 



LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS OF TASTE 



Meinert, F. Bidrag til de danske myrers naturhistorie. (Kgl. Dansk Vidensk. 



selsk. skrifter. Kjoebenhavn. Raekke 5 Naturvid. og math. Afd., v, 1861, 



pp. 273-340.) 

 Wolff, 0. J. B. Das Riechorgan der Biene. (Nova acta d. K. Leop. -Carol. 



Akad., xxxviii, 1875, pp. 1-251, 8 Taf.) 

 Joseph, G. Zur Morphologie des Geschrnacksorganes bei Insekten. (Amtli- 



cher Bericht der 50. Versammlung deutscher Katurforscher und Aerzte in 



Miinchen, 1877, pp. 227-228.) 

 Klinckel et Gazagnaire. Du siege de la gustation chez les insectes Dipteres. 



Constitution anatomique et physiologique de 1'epipharynx et 1'hypopharynx. 



(Comptes-rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, 1881, xcv, pp. 347-350.) 

 Recherches sur 1'organisation et le de"veloppement des Dipteres et en 



particulaire des Volucelles, i, 1875, ii, 1881, 20 Pis. 

 Kraepelin, K. Zur Kenntniss der Anatomie und Physiologie des Riissels von 



Musca. (Zeitschr. f. wissens. Zool., xxxix, 1883, pp. 683-719, 2 Taf.) 

 Kirbach, P. Ueber die Mundwerkzeuge der Schmetterlinge. (Zool. Anzeiger, 



1883, pp. 553-558, 2 Figs.) 

 Will, F. Das Geschmacksorgan der Insekten. (Zeitschr. f. wissens. Zool., 



1885, xlii, pp. 674-707, 1 Taf.) 

 Gazagnaire, J. Du siege de la gustation chez les insectes Cole"opteres. 



(Comptes-rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, 1886, cii, pp. 629-632 ; Ann. Soc. Ent. 



France, Se"r. 6, Bull., pp. 79-80.) 

 Forel, A. Experiences et remarques critiques sur les sensations des insectes. 



2 me Part. (Recueil Zool. Suisse, iv, 1887, pp. 161-240.) 

 Reuter, Enzio. Ueber den " Basalfleck" auf den Palpen der Schmetterlinge. 



(Zool. Anzeiger, 1888, pp. 500-503.) 

 Ueber die Palpen der Rhopaloceren, etc., 6 Taf. Helsingfors, 1896, pp. 



1-578. (Acta Soc. Sc. Fennicfe, xxii, 1896.) 

 Packard, A. S. On the occurrence of organs, probably of taste, in the epi- 



pharynx of the Mecoptera (Panorpa and Boreus). (Psyche, 1889, v, pp. 



159-164.) 

 Notes on the epipharynx, and the epipharyngeal organs of taste in man- 



dibulate insects. (Psyche, 1889, v, pp. 193-199, 222-228.) 

 Also Lubbock's Senses, etc., of animals, and the writings of Briant, Breithaupt 



(titles on p. 85). 



d. The organs of hearing 



Although it has been denied by Forel that insects have the sense 

 of hearing, yet the majority of writers and experimenters agree that 

 insects are not deaf. On general grounds if, as we know, many in- 

 sects produce sounds, it must follow that they have ears to hear, for 

 there is every reason to suppose that the sounds thus made are, as in 

 other animals, either for attracting the sexes, for a means of com- 

 munication, or to express the emotions. We will begin by briefly 

 describing the structures now generally supposed to be auditory in 



