338 TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY 



to the mandibular segment, the maxillary glands to the 1st maxillary segment, 

 the lingual glands to the 2d maxillary segment, while the thoracic and post- 

 cerebral salivary glands, he thinks, correspond to the ocular segment, a view 

 with which we are indisposed to agree, although conceding that each of the six 

 segments of the head has in it at least one pair of salivary glands. 



Functions of the different salivary glands in Hymenoptera. The secretion 

 of the thoracic glands is feebly alkaline. The postcerebral salivary glands, con- 

 sidered by Ramdohr to be organs of smell, secrete, like the preceding, a distinc- 

 tively alkaline fluid, which mingles with the products of the thoracic glands. 

 The supracerebral glands, also equally well developed in all Hymenoptera, 

 though much atrophied in the females and especially the males of Apis mellifica, 

 also in the Vespinse and Polistinae, secrete an abundant, feebly acid liquid, 

 which is actively concerned in digestion. 



As to the mandibular glands, which Wolf supposed to be olfactory organs, 

 their acid secretion, though smelling strongly, acts energetically on the food as 

 soon as introduced into the mouth. 



The sublingual glands, atrophied in most Apidse, but relatively voluminous in 

 Sphegidne, Vespinse, Polistime, Crabronidre, etc., empty their secretion into a 

 small prebuccal excavation, where accumulate vegetable and earthy matters 

 collected by the tongue, and the saliva secreted by these glands, acts upon them 

 before they pass into the pharynx. The lingual glands secrete a thick, sticky 

 liquid, which causes foreign bodies to adhere to the tongue, and also agglutinates 

 alimentary substances. The uses of the other glands, maxillary and paraglossal, 

 are from their minuteness undetermined. (Bordas.) 



LITERATURE ON THE SALIVARY GLANDS 



Leydig, F. Zur Anatomie der Insekten. (Archiv Anat. und Phys. 1859.) 



Untersuchungen zur Anatomie und Histiologie der Tiere. Bonn, 1883, 



pp. 174, 8 Taf. 



Intra- und interzellulare Gauge. (Biolog. Centralblatt, x, 1890, pp. 392-396.) 



Dohrn, A. Zur Anatomie der Hetnipteren. (Stettin. Entom. Zeit. , 1866, 



salivary glands, pp. 328-332.) 

 Kupffer, C. Die Speicheldriisen von Periplaneta orientalis und ihr Nervenap- 



parat. (Beitrage zur Anatomie und Physiol., 1875.) 

 Schiemenz, P. Ueber das Herkommen des Futtersaftes und die Speicheldrtisen 



der Biene. (Zeitschr. f. wissens. Zool., xxxviii. 1883, pp. 71-135, 3 Taf.) 

 Korschelt, E. Ueber die eigentiimlichen Bildungen in den Zellkernen der 



Speicheldriisen von Chironomns plumosus. (Zool. Anzeiger, 1884, pp. 



189-191, 221-225, 241-246.) 

 Hofer, B. Untersuchungen iiber den Ban der Speicheldriisen und des dazu 



gehorenden Nervenapparates von Blatta. (Nova Acta d. Kais. Leopold .- 



Carol. Deutsch. Akad. d. Naturforscher, li, 1887, pp. 345-395, 3 Taf.) 

 Kniippel, A. Ueber Speicheldriisen von Insekten. (Archiv fiir Naturg., 1887, 



.lahrg. 52, pp. 269-303, 2 Taf.) 



Blanc, Louis. La tete du Bombyx mori & I'e'tat larvaire, anatomic et physi- 

 ologic. (Extrait des Travaux du Laboratoire d' Etudes de la Sole, 1889- 



1890 ; Lynn, 1891, p. 180, many figs.) 

 Bordas, L. Anatomie des glandes salivaires des Hyme'nopteres de la famille des 



IHm<>umniiid;i>. (Zool. Anzeiger, 1894, pp. 131-133.) 



(Jlaiidcs salivaires des Apides, Apis mdlifica. $ and 9- (Comptes 



rendus Arad. Sc., Paris, cxix, pp. 363, 483, 693-695, 1894 ; also two articles 

 in Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1894, pp. 5, 12, 66.) 



