THE HYPOPHARYNX 



79 



where it is seen to attain enormous proportions. In the Hyme- 

 noptera, this organ in its most specialized condition is a trough- 

 like rod, adapted for lapping nectar (Fig. 85, 86, hyp). The 

 tongue or hypopharynx of the honey-bee has been elaborately de- 



Y.oe 



FIG. 83. Labrum-epipharynx (Ibr and epfi) and hypopharynx (hyp) of Tttbanus brominus: 

 of, posterior cylindrical portion of the oesophagus ; a, anterior swollen portion of the sauie ; j>h, 

 pharynx; p/i.m, pharyngeal muscle; p.pfi, protractor muscle of the pharynx; r.oe, retractor 

 muscle of the oesophagus; r.ph, retractor muscle of the pharynx ; f.e, flexor muscle of the 

 pharynx ; (.of, twisting muscle of the oesophagus ; s.r, receptacle of the salivary duct ; I, its eleva- 

 tor muscle ; s, its retractor muscle ; cl, clypeus. After Meinert. 



scribed by Cheshire in his Bees and Bee Keeping. 1 He calls it 

 the tongue or ligula. It is situated in a tube formed by the maxillae 

 and labial palpi, and can be partially retracted into the mentum. 

 He states that it can move up and doAvn in the tube thus formed, 



oe 



s.d 



FIG. 84. Oesophagus (oe), pharynx (ph) with epipharynx and labrura (Ibr) of AxUus ati-i- 

 capilliis : HI, fih, pharyngeal muscle ; sr, salivary receptacle ; t, twisting ; /, I' >, retractor muscles ; 

 other lettering as in Fig. 83. After Meinert. 



and then describes it as covered by a hairy sheath, its great elasticity 

 being due to a rod running through its centre enabling it to be used 

 as a lapping tongue. The sheath 



1 See, also, Breithaupt, Ueber die Anatomie und die Functionen der Bienenzunge, 

 1886. It confirms and extends Cheshire's work. 



