NEUROPTERA. 



563 



jointed, filiform or setiform, the eyes of medium si-,e, and the tarsuses 

 live-jointed. The prothorax is always freely moveable, and the abdo- 

 men is composed of eight or nine segments. The nervous system is 

 similar to that of the Orthoptera, and consists of clearly distinct 

 thoracic and abdominal ganglia. There is always a muscular gizzard 

 on the digestive canal (Mynneleontidce, Panoi^nda^. A sucking 

 stomach Is found only in the ffemerobidce. Six to eight long Mal- 

 pighian tubes arise from the hindgut. The metamorphosis is always 

 complete. The larvre prey on other animals, and are provided with 

 biting or sucking forceps (formed from the mandibles and maxillae). 

 They pass into a quiescent 

 pupal stage, in which the parts 

 of the winged insect can al- 

 ready be made out. The pupa 

 is often surrounded with a 

 cocoon, but possesses the power 

 of locomotion to a certain de- 

 gree, since before the animal 

 passes out of the pupal stage 

 it ceases to be quiescent and 

 seeks out a place suitable for a 

 development. Fossil remains 

 are found in tertiary forma- 

 tions and in amber. 



Sub-order 1. Planipennia. 

 Front and hind wings similar, 

 never capable of being folded. 

 The mouth parts are powerful 



and adapted for mastication. Fm 4C 7 ._ 0> Larva of M,,nf,, p a ityriaca after 



Fam. Sialids. With large head **?*** * Th f ame before the pupal stage 



(after F. Brauer). c, Mantitpa pagana (regnc 

 bent obliquely forwards, and pro- animal), 

 jecting hemispherical facetted eyes. 



The wings, when at rest, overlap one another like the slates on a roof. 

 The larvte have biting mouth-parts, with four-jointed maxillary palps and 

 three-jointed labial palps. Sialls Ivtaria L., Cortjdalis cornuta L., BtiphiilM 

 (i^kiojjuen Schum. camel-neck flies. 



Fam. Panorpidae (Schnabelfliegen). The head is small and placed vertically ; 

 the multiarticulate antennae are placed in the frontal region beneath the ocelli. 

 The oral region is prolonged in the form of a beak. The wings are long and 

 narrow, and similar to each other. The larvae are like caterpillars. They have 

 thirteen segments and a heart-shaped head, and biting mouth-parts. They live 

 in damp earth, where they dig horseshoe-shaped passages, and are transformed 

 into pupas in oval cavities. Panor])a communis L. (fig. 46G). Jiittacus 

 pularius Fabr. 



