DIPTERA. 



the knife-shaped mandibles are wanting. Their puncture is severe, and they 

 suck blood. Ckrysops ccecuticns L., Talanus bovi/ius L. (Uinderbrernse). 

 Heematopota pluvialis L. (Regenbremse). 



Fam. Leptidae (Schnepfcnfliegen). Lcptis scolopacea L., L. vermilco L., 

 South Europe. The larva digs holes in the sand, and there, like the Ant-lion, 

 captures insects. 



Fam. Xylophagidse (Holzfliegen). Xylopliagus maculatus Fabr. The larvte 

 live in beech wood. Boris clavijws L. 



Fam. Stratiomyidae (Waffenfliegen). Stratiomys chomodcon L., St. Odon- 

 hydroleon L., Sargus cuprarhis L. 



I 



Sub-order 3. Nemocera (Tipulariae). Longhorns (fig. 478). 

 Diptera of elongated form, with many-jointed, usually filiform, 

 antennje, which in the males are sometimes tufted. They have long 

 slender legs, and large, 

 naked or hairy wings. 

 The palps are usually 

 of considerable length, 

 and with four or five 

 joints. The proboscis 

 is short and fleshy, 

 and often armed with 

 piercing seise. The 

 halteres are free. The 

 larvae have usually a 

 perfectly differentiated 

 head (Eucepkala),more 

 rarely a retractile jaw 

 capsule (Tipulidce, Ceci- 

 domyia] ; they live in 

 water, in earth, and 

 in vegetable matter 

 (galls and fungi), and some of them have a respiratory tube. 

 After moulting the larval skin the eucephalous larvae become quies- 

 cent or freely moveable pupse ; the latter are provided with tracheal 

 gills on the neck and tail. The insect when hatched swims, till the 

 wings are hard, on the burst pupal skin as on a boat. The females 

 of many species suck blood (gnats), and become a veritable pest in 

 certain districts where they appear in swarms. 



Fam. Bibionidae (Mitsciformes). Body fly-like ; antennas six- to eleven- 

 jointed. The abdomen has seven segments. Biblo ward L., B. Jiortulanvx L- 

 The males are black, the females brick red with a black head. Simlia rcptain< 

 L., S. columlacxclicnsis Fabr. (Kolumbaczer Mlicke). Suck blood. In Hun- 

 gary they attack the herds of cattle in swarms. 



37 



FIG. 478. Cecidomyia fritici (after Wagner), a. Female 

 with protruded ovipositor, b. Larva, c, Pupa. 



