192 PKOTOZOA. 



in a vessel of stagnant water by A. von Leeuwenhoek, who made 

 use of a magnifying glass for the examination of small organisms. 

 The name Infusoria, which was at first used to denote all animalcule 

 which appear in infusions and are only visible with the aid of a 

 microscope, was first brought into use by Ledermiiller and Wrisberg 

 in the last century. Later on the Danish naturalist 0. Fr. Miiller 

 made valuable additions to our knowledge of Infusoria. He observed 

 their conjugation and their reproduction by fission and gemmation, 

 and wrote the first systematic work on the subject. O. Fr. Miiller 

 included a much larger number of forms than we do now-a-days, 

 for he placed among the Infusoria all invertebrate water animal- 

 cule without jointed organs of locomotion and of microscopical 

 size. 



The knowledge of Infusoria received a new impulse from the 

 comprehensive researches of Ehrenberg. The principal work of this 

 investigator, "Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkornrnene Organismen," 

 discovered a kingdom of organisms hardly thought of. These were 

 observed and portrayed under the highest microscopic powers. Many 

 of Ehrenberg's drawings may even yet be taken as patterns, and are 

 hardly surpassed by later representations, but the significance of the 

 facts observed has been essentially corrected by more recent investi- 

 gations. Ehrenberg also conceded too great an extent to the group 

 of Infusoria, including not only the lowest plants such as Diatomacea', 

 Desmidiacece, under the name of Polygastrica anentera, but also the 

 much more highly organised Rolifera. As he chose the organization 

 of the last-named for the basis of his explanations, he was led into 

 numerous errors. Ehrenberg ascribed to the Infusoria mouth and 

 anus, stomach and intestines, testis and ovary, kidneys, sense-organs, 

 and a vascular system, without being able to give reliable proofs of 

 the nature of these organs. There very soon came a reaction in the 

 way of regarding the Infusorian structure ; for the discoverer of the 

 Rhizopoda, Dujardin, as well as von Siebold and Kcilliker (the latter 

 taking into consideration the so-called Nucleus and Nudeolus), referred 

 the Infusorian body to the simple cell. In the subsequent works of 

 Stein, Claparede, Lachmann, and Balbiani numerous differentia tions 

 were certainly shown to exist, which, however, can all be referred 

 to differentiation of the body of the cell. This view is supported by 



Jotirn. (If In PJn/ft.. Tom. IV. Claparede und Lachmann. ' Etudes sur les 

 Itifusoircs et les lihizopodes," 2 vol. Geneve, 18581861. . Haeckcl, "Zur 

 Morphologic der Infusorien" Jen Zeitschrift, Tom. VII., 1873. 0- Biitschli, 

 " Studien iibcr die ersten Entwickelungsvorgangedes Eizelle, die Zelltheilung 

 und die Conjugation des Infusorien," Frankfurt, 1870. 



