PREFACE. V 



drawn from nature by Prof. H. C. Bumpus, of Olivet Col- 

 lege, under the authors direction. A few (8) have been 

 drawn by the author. From Miss Buckley's " Winners in 

 Life's Race," and "Life and Her Children" (D. Appleton 

 & Co., publishers), Figs. 51, 137, 217, 219, 247, and 251 

 have been copied by electrotypy. Figs. 40 and 46-49 are 

 copied from Romanes' " Jelly-fish, Starfish, and Sea-ur- 

 chins;" Figs. 265 and 266 from Hartmann's " Anthropoid 

 Apes," both works published by the Messrs. Appleton. 

 Figs. 223-28, 230-32, have been copied from Mivart's 

 " The Cat," by permission of the publishers, Messrs. 

 Charles Scribner's Sons. Figs. 216, 250, 252, and 253 

 have been copied from Clans' "Text-book of Zoology;" 

 Fig. 126 from Harris' " Treatise on Insects," and Figs. 

 127-9, 132-3, from S. H. Scudder's "Butterflies." From 

 Graber's "Die iiusseren mechanischen Werkzeuge der 

 Thiere" have been copied Figs. 76, 77, 100, 101, 108, and 

 212-15; from Dr. G. Dimmock's essay on the mouth- 

 parts of flies, Fig. 117, and from W. H. Edwards' great 

 work on the butterflies of the United States, Fig. 126 A-D. 



For collateral reading, the teacher or student is referred 

 to the works of Huxley, Gegenbaur, Glaus, Darwin, and 

 Brooks' "Invertebrate Zoology;" for more special works, 

 Woodward's "Manual of Mollusca," Packard's "Guide to 

 the Study of Insects," Coues' "Key to North American 

 Birds," Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's " Birds of North 

 America;" and for a magazine of natural history to the 

 "American Naturalist'' (Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co. 

 A further list of works of reference is given in the author's 

 larger ' ' Zoology. " 



The author is well aware of the difficulty and limita- 

 tions in carrying out the plan of such a book as this, and 

 hopes to be dealt with leniently by the critics. He would 

 be thankful for suggestions and for corrections of errors. 



PROVIDENCE, R. I., May, 1886. 



