216 FIRST LESSONS IN ZOOLOGY. 



Birds with a Keeled Breastbone. All other living birds 

 are characterized by the keeled breastbone or sternum; the 

 wings, as a rule, being well developed. The lowest of the 

 keeled birds are penguins and other water-birds, while the 

 highest are the singing-birds.* 



ORDERS OF CARINATE BIRDS. 



1. Wings small and short; diving-birds Pygopodes. Penguin. 



2. Wings long, pointed; rapid fliers; anterior 



toes webbed Longipennes. Gull. 



3. Feet wholly webbed, including the inner 



toe Stegopodes. Pelican. 



4. Bill lamellate, i.e., both mandibles with 



teeth-like projections Lamellirostrea. Duck. 



5. Wading-birds; the leg long and naked 



above the heel; bill usually long and 



slender Grallatores. Crane. 



6. Land birds ; four toes, three in front, one 



behind; tibia3 often spurred . Gallinae. Hen. 



7. Toes like the foregoing; the bill horny and 



convex at tip Columbce. Dove. 



8. Bill cered, hooked, and large; feet large, 



not yoke-toed Raptores. Eagle. 



9. Feet yoke-toed; bill stout, and strongly 



hooked Psittaci. Parrot. 



10. Toes often in pairs, two in front and two 



behind; wings with ten primaries Picarte. Woodpecker. 



11. Perching and singing birds; feet adapted 



for grasping; hind toe opposed to the 



others Passeres. Robin. 



* For a further account of the carinate birds, see the author's 

 Briefer and Larger Zoology; also Coues' " Key to the Birds of North 

 America," and Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's "Birds of North 

 America." 



