A GRASSHOPPER. 69 



able to work her body down into the hard ground the full length 

 of the abdomen when depositing her egg capsule. The abdomen 

 of the male is rounded or even enlarged at the tip, which is 

 covered by a sort of hood formed of the tenth sternite. 

 p) In either sex there is a pair of pointed projections from the posterior 

 border of the last tergite but one. These projections are the 

 cerci, whose function, perhaps, is sensory. Between the cerci 

 is the last abdominal tergite and partly beneath the cerci the 

 podical plates. 



Exercise 6. Draw a side mew of the posterior end of both a male and a 

 female grasshopper, enlarged four times. 



q) Make a study of the legs, comparing the first and third. The 

 basal joint is the coxa. What is its shape ? It is followed by a 

 smaller joint, the trochanter, which is the more clearly defined 

 in the first leg. In the grasshopper the coxa and trochanter seem 

 to be immovably fused together. After the trochanter come, in 

 their order, the elongated femur, the more slender tibia, and a 

 tarsus of several short joints. How many ? Between the claws 

 is a cushion-like pad, the pulvillus. 



Exercise 7. Draw one of the first and one of the third legs on a scale 

 of three. 



Technical Note. Fresh specimens are best for a study of the internal 

 organs, but preserved material will do if not too soft. Cut the wings 

 and legs from a large female and then, with fine pointed scissors, 

 make a slit along each side of the body from near the tip of the abdomen 

 to the base of the head. Carefully remove the dorsal surface of 

 abdomen and thorax and pin the specimen down to the wax in a 

 dissecting pan, spreading the lateral walls slightly. Cover with 

 water and study on the stage of the dissecting microscope. 



INTERNAL ANATOMY. If you have been careful not to tear or cut 

 any of the internal organs you will have little trouble in making out the 

 following : 



