426 ZOOLOG T. 



that there is a natural series of forms leading from the stur- 

 geon, which is nearest the Elasmobranchs, up through the 

 spoon-bill to the true Ganoids, and that the latter, through 

 Anu'a, leads to the bony fishes, we shall have a clue to the 

 intricate relations existing between them and the other sub- 

 classes of fishes.* 



The Ganoids of the present day are well nigh confined to 

 fresh water, the sturgeons alone living in the sea as well ;is 

 ascending rivers ; though the Devonian and carboniferous 

 forms occur as marine fossils. 



In synthetic forms, like the Ganoids, it is difficult to find 

 absolute characters separating them from the Elasmobranchs 

 on the one hand and the Teleosts on the other. The diag- 

 nostic characters are the following: the skeleton is either 

 wholly cartilaginous, or partly or wholly bony ; the skin is 

 either smooth, or with cycloid, or usually with ganoid scales ; 

 the gills are free ; the gill-opening is covered with an opcr- 

 cular bone ; the first fin-rays generally sharp ; the air-blad- 

 der with a pneumatic duct ; the embryos sometimes with ex- 

 ternal gills. 



The spinal column is usually cartilaginous ; in the Pip- 

 noans, the sturgeons, the paddle-fish and allies, the notochord, 

 with its sheath, is persistent ; while in Polypterus and Aniia 

 the spinal column is completely bony, the vertebra? being 

 ampliiccelom, i. e., biconcave ; while in the garpike (Lepidox- 

 teus) the vertebras are convex in front and concave behind. 

 The cartilaginous skull is covered by broad, thin membrane- 

 bones, as seen in the sturgeon. The tail is heterocercal, the 

 lobes being, in Amin, nearly equal. 



The brain is as in the bony fishes, but the optic nerves 

 unite in a chiasma. The heart and aortic bulb are as in the 

 Elasmobranchs, and all but Lepidfix/cit* have a well-devel- 

 oped spiral valve in the intestine, the valve being rudimentary 



* For works on Ganoids, see Wilder's Garpikes, Old and Young (Pop. 

 Sc. Monthly, 1877); A. Agassiz's Development of Lepidosteus (Proc. 

 Ainer. Acad. Arts and Sc., 1878); Bill four and Parker's Structure 

 and Development of Lepidosteus (Phil. Trans., 1882); Shufeldt's 

 Osteology of Amia calva, 1885; Ryder's Sturgeons, etc., of Eastern 

 TJ. S., 1890; Mark's Studies on Lepidosteus (Bull. Mus. C. Zool., 1890); 

 with the writings of J. Miiller, Hyrtl, Kolliker, Gegeubaur, Liitken, 

 Boas, Hertwig, Garmau, etc. 



