ANATOMY OF BATRACHIANS. 4G7 



tinct Arcliegosaurus had in its larval life branchial arches, 

 and in fact so close are the affinities of some Amphibians to 

 the Ganoids that it is probable that both types have had a com- 

 mon origin ; while on the other hand the bones of certain 

 extinct scaly Labyrinthodonts have been regarded by some 

 .authors as reptilian ; for example, the Carboniferous Mas- 

 todonsaurus was described as a reptile, but has been referred 

 to the Amphibians by modern writers. 



The sternum or breast-bone (Fig. 429, s) first appears in 

 the Batrachians. The shoulder-girdle is in great part carti- 

 laginous. In the toads and 

 frogs (Amir a} the fore limbs, 

 the radius, and ulna, and in 

 the hind limbs the tibia and 

 fibula, grow together ; there 

 are four toes in the fore feet, 

 and five toes in the hind feet. 

 In the Siren the hind legs are Fig . 4 29.-sternum and 



\\-mfiiio- in +ViP pnno-n smlcp<s of Frog ^' ma temporaria). p, body t>f 

 anting , 111 Hie > the ster num ; w, scapula ; w', siipra-srap- 



flip limlis -iff ula , co, coracoid-bone, fused in the mid- 



. dle line with it fe)low 0| the 



.piflipr two rtr fhrpp-tnpil side (s); </, clavicle ; , epiaternum. The 



extreme shaded double portion below jt 



The teeth of modern Ba- is the xiphietemum. The cartilaginous 



parts are shaded. After Gegeiibaur. 



trachians are conical or lobate, 



and microscopically are simple, while those of the extinct 

 forms are mostly complicated by the labyrinthine infolding 

 of the walls, as seen in microscopic sections ; the teeth of 

 many Ganoids have a similar, though much simpler struc- 

 ture. They are usually of the same size, and may be ar- 

 ranged on projecting portions of different bones of the mouth, 

 i.e., the premaxillary, maxillary, mandibular, vomerine, pal- 

 atine, and pterygoid bones, as in fishes. In tadpoles and 

 in Siren the jaw-bones are encased in horny beaks like those 

 -of turtles and birds. In many Labyrinthodonts two tusks 

 were developed on the palate. The nasal canal is much as 

 ill the Dipnoan fish, the internal opening being situated in 

 the Perennilminchiates just within the soft margin of the 

 mouth. In the salamanders and frogs it is bordered with 

 firmer parts of the jaw. The labyrinth of the ear is large, 

 and the tympanum or drum of the ear is external, Am- 



