PHYLUM ARTHROPODA 



367 



females of other mining 

 bees, e.g. Halictus, band 

 together and use a single 

 main burrow from which 

 the individual channels 

 branch off (Fig. 309, A). 

 These bees therefore have 

 a tendency toward com- 

 munity life. The bumble- 

 bees, Bombus, live in 

 colonies during the sum- 

 mer, but these colonies 

 are temporary, since all 

 members but the young 



queens perish in the 



. , - ., , FIG. 308. Order HYMENOPTERA. Ich- 



autumil. And finally the ncumo n-n y , Thalcssa hinator, laying eggs 

 honey-bees, as we have (oviposition). (From Sedgwick's Zoology, 



after Riley.) 



seen, are banded together 



in permanent colonies and have a very complex social life. 



The solitary wasps (EUMENID.-E) are miners, carpenters, or 



masons, i.e. they dig tunnels in the earth, excavate cavities 



in wood, or build mud-nests. Like the solitary bees, the Eu- 



menidae provision their nests, 

 lay their eggs, and then fly 

 away, leaving their young to 

 shift for themselves. 



Many of the digger-wasps 

 belong to the family SPHE- 

 GID^E. The mud-daubers 

 are common species. They 

 attach their mud-nests to the 



; \j> ceilings of buildings or to the 



FIG. 309. Diagrams of nest burrows lower surface of stones, and 



of short-tongued mining bees. A, nest of ision them with spiders . 



Halictus. B, nest of Andrena. (From 



Hegner, after Kellogg.) The digger- wasps of the West 



