422 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY 



kind, which cannot be kept from the leaves, the remedy may be 

 the application of a poison on the leaf surfaces so that with each 

 bite will go a dose of poison. 



Thus there is not much practical advantage in discussing 

 in general terms the insect pests, or the conditions of insect 

 attack, of orchard trees. We believe it will be better worth 

 while for the elementary student to try to get acquainted with 

 a few of the more important specific orchard pests in his 

 locality, and to that end we have given in the following 

 paragraphs, brief accounts descriptive of the insect, its life, 

 the character of the injury done by it, and the approved reme- 

 dies for it, of a number of the most serious and widespread of 

 these pests. Some of these insects can be found and observed 

 by the student at almost any time of the year in almost any 

 orchard. 



For fuller information about the insects mentioned in this 

 chapter, and for accounts of many others, injurious to orchards, 

 some manual of economic entomology may be consulted. San- 

 derson's "Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard" is an 

 excellent recent book of this kind. O'Kane's "Injurious 

 Insects" is another. 



Codling -moth (Cydia pomonella). Of all the pests of apples, 

 the codling-moth is easily first in importance. In many 

 orchards where the codling-moth is uncontrolled by spraying 

 50 per cent, to 90 per cent, or more of the fruit is infested. 

 By proper spraying the amount of loss may be reduced to 

 only 5 per cent, or even 2 per cent, yet this insect now costs 

 us, when we consider both the loss from bad fruit and the 

 amount expended in fighting it, about twenty million dollars a 

 year. 



The winter is passed in the larval stage as a little white 

 grub safely hidden away in a tough little cocoon underneath 

 the rough bark of the tree or in other protected places in the 

 orchard or in the store room where the apples have been stored 

 for the winter. Early in the spring the larva changes to pupa, 

 and about the time the trees are in bloom there issues the 

 small purplish-brown moth. It has -a wing expanse of but 

 three-fourths of an inch. The fore- wings are marked by fine 



