3 2o ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY 



utans are found in the same regions as the gibbons. They are 

 much larger, reaching a height of four feet or more. They too 

 live among the tree-tops and swing themselves from limb to 

 limb by their long powerful arms. 



In many respects, such as the shape of the head and the 

 hands and the size and activity of the brain, the chimpanzee, 

 Pan troglodytes, is much more man-like than any of the other 

 apes. It is a very imitative and teachable animal and captive 

 individuals are often trained to do many things that men do. 

 The chimpanzees live in tropical Africa. The gorilla, Gorilla 

 gorilla, is the largest of the apes and structurally most like 

 man. Its shorter arms and its habit of walking erect on the 

 ground indicate a higher stage of development, but the skull 

 is much less man-like than is the skull of the chimpanzee. 



Belonging to the same order, similar in structure, yet sepa- 

 rated by the widest gulf as regards development of the intel- 

 lect, the power of speech, and many other qualities, is the 

 human species, Homo sapiens, the only species in the family 

 Hominidcs. Although the members of the lowest savage tribes 

 differ in appearance from the highest civilized Americans or 

 Europeans more than do the members of different families in 

 some groups of the lower animals, yet all human beings are 

 considered as belonging to the same species for there are no 

 constant structural differences. We may, however, recognize 

 several more or less distinct races or varieties. There have 

 been discovered in Europe the fossilized remains of at least 

 one and perhaps two extinct species of man. These species 

 were much more primitive and bestial in structure than man 

 of to-day, but they are unmistakably the progenitors of the 

 present-day human type. They carry the history of man 

 back to the beginning of the present or Pleistocene geological 

 epoch. This was certainly at least five hundred thousand 

 years ago. 



