446 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY 



grayish appearance. If a piece of the outer bark of the in- 

 fested tree is cut away the cambium will be seen to be dis- 

 colored by numerous red spots, which, in the case of a serious 

 infestation, may coalesce, staining the whole outer surface of 

 the cambium. The scale of the male is usually darker than 

 that of the female, and oblong-oval instead of circular. The 



FIG. 211. San Jose scale, Aspidiolns perniciosus, on fruit, leaves, and 

 stem of a pear tree. (Reduced.) 



scales of the young of the male and female are alike, both being 

 small circular and black. The insect passes the winter in the 

 immature condition under these black scales on the trunk 

 or the branches of the tree. In the early spring the females 

 become mature and begin to produce living young. The young 

 soon make their way from underneath the scale of the mother, 

 and, after wandering about for a short time, settle down and 



