INSECTS INJURIOUS TO BERRIES 463 



they mine the plants in these various parts of it. Scale-insects 

 and slugs (larvae of saw-flies) also do much damage. 



Currants and gooseberries suffer from cane-borers, slugs, 

 aphids and scale-insects, and from the effective girdling opera- 

 tions of a saw-fly that attacks the stems. Certain flies lay 

 their eggs in the berries, and the hatching larvae burrow in and 

 feed on the pulp and seeds 



Strawberries have an unusual number of insect enemies, 

 including weevils, aphids and the boring larvae of various moths 

 and beetles. 



For all these various pests remedies have to be devised with 

 special care and ingenuity because of the tenderness of the 

 plants and the fact that it is the berries themselves which are 

 so often attacked and which, of course, cannot be poisoned. 

 Careful pruning of partly infested plants and the complete 

 cutting out and burning of more seriously attacked plants are 

 largely resorted to by berry growers. However, arsenical 

 sprays and emulsions of whale-oil soap and kerosene have their 

 place in the fighting, as well as a number of special remedies 

 applicable to the particular conditions under which berries are 

 grown. 



Students in any locality will have no difficulty in getting per- 

 sonally acquainted with some, at least, of the most important of 

 the grape and berry pests described in the following paragraphs. 

 For accounts of others, government and state bulletins, horti- 

 cultural books and manuals of injurious insects may be re- 

 ferred to. 



GRAPES 



The Grape-vine Phylloxera (Phylloxera vastatrix). The in- 

 sect referred to in the first paragraph of this chapter is a small 

 brownish plant-louse or aphid, which is commonly called by its 

 generic name, phylloxera. It may occur in four different 

 forms. During the fall there appears a sexual generation 

 which lays the winter eggs under the rough bark of the vine. 

 These hatch early in the spring, and some of the young aphids 

 crawl out to the leaves where they produce small but conspicu- 

 ous reddish galls. This leaf feeding form rarely occurs on the 



