644 ZOOLOGY SECT. 



lected on the voyage was worked out by the leading zoologists in 

 all parts of the world, and the results published in thirty handsome 

 and fully illustrated quarto volumes. 



In land-travel numerous journeys, and especially those of 

 A. R. Wallace in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil, and of 

 H. W. Bates in Brazil, have not only added immensely to our 

 knowledge of the genera of the countries visited, but have enriched 

 the science with the ideas of protective and aggressive characters, 

 of mimicry, and of the relations of organism to environment 

 generally. 



The establishment of Zoological Gardens in different parts of 

 the world notably in Paris and London has added greatly to 

 our knowledge both of the habits and of the anatomy of animals, 

 and a similar advance in the investigation of marine animals has 

 followed upon the establishment of Zoological Stations or Marine 

 Laboratories in various countries. The earliest and most impor- 

 tant of these is the Naples Station, founded in 1870 by Anton 

 Dohrn. The results of the researches there carried on form the 

 most elaborate and sumptuous series of zoological monographs 

 ever published. 



The establishment of Zoological (or Biological) Laboratories in 

 connection with Universities is also a work of the last five and 

 twenty years, and has had an important influence both in diffusing 

 a knowledge of the science and in stimulating research. Even 

 more recent is the complete change of view as to the functions 

 and arrangement of a Museum. Formerly it was looked upon as 

 a collection of curiosities, in which everything was to be exhibited 

 to the public. Now, thanks in great measure to Sir W. H. 

 Flower in England, and Brown Goode in America, special 

 collections are formed for study and research, while the cases 

 accessible to the public are gradually becoming a series of actual 

 illustrations of zoological science, in which not only the principles 

 of classification, but the chief facts of structure, life-history, and 

 habit are strikingly and adequately shown. 



Daring the second half of the present century, Zoology as a 

 whole has been greatly influenced by the writings of Thomas 

 Henry Huxley and of Ernst Haeckel. Huxley (1825-1895) 

 was the first to point out the homology of the ectoderm and 

 endoderm of Ccelenterates with the two primary germ-layers of the 

 vertebrate embryo. He also introduced the word zooid, demolished 

 the vertebral theory of the skull, and placed the anatomy of the 

 fossil Ganoids upon a satisfactory footing, as well as making many 

 other important contributions to animal morphology. His Elements 

 of Comparative Anatomy (1864) forms an important landmark in 

 the history of modern Zoology, as giving the views of one of the 

 keenest, most logical, and least speculative of biologists just 

 before the time when the various improved histological and 



