92 INTERNAL SECRETION 



in dogs in the fasting state a marked increase in the quotient 

 N :P 2 O 5 , which is expressed by a rise in the amount of nitrogen 

 and a fall in the amount of phosphorus excreted in the urine. 

 Thyroidin also brings about a considerable increase in the amount 

 of calcium excreted in the fasces, the calcium carrying off with it 

 a large proportion of phosphorus. Scholz had previously shown 

 that the exhibition of thyroid extract produces in man an increase 

 in the amount of phosphorus excreted in the fasces. 



EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM. 



The continued exhibition of the expressed juice of the thyroid 

 gland, or of thyroid extract, is followed in animals by a number 

 of pathological symptoms, though the appearance of these is by 

 no means constant or to be relied on. The tachycardia of hyper- 

 thyroidism has already been described. There are, however, other 

 and various changes both in the body generally and in individual 

 organs ; such are : derangement of metabolism (emaciation, in- 

 creased oxidation, increased requirement of albumin, polydypsia, 

 polyphagia, polyuria, glycosuria) ; derangement of digestion 

 (diarrhoea, intestinal haemorrhage) ; trophic disturbances (cedema- 

 tous swelling of the connective tissue) ; changes in the thyroid 

 gland itself ; and a large number of symptoms which point to 

 a change in the activity of the nervous system. Kraus and 

 Friedenthal found that the intravenous injection of thyroid juice 

 almost invariably produced in rabbits enlargement of the palpe- 

 bral fissures, projection of the eyeball, retraction of the membrana 

 nictitans, and enlargement of the pupil. Hoennicke succeeded in 

 producing exophthalmos in rabbits by the continued exhibition 

 of thyroid juice. Eppinger, Falta and Rudinger then showed that 

 it is possible to produce adrenalin mydriasis in both normal and 

 thyroidless dogs by continued treatment with thyroid juice or 

 thyroid preparations, exclusive, however, of iodothyrin. These 

 authors regard the symptoms seen in hyperthyroidism as the 

 expression of an increased hypersensibility of the sympathetic 

 nerve. Certain symptoms point, however, to an influence affect- 

 ing the autonomous nervous system, and indeed the symptom- 

 complex of hyperthyroidism is so extremely varied that it can 

 only be explained by the assumption of a polyvalency of the 

 thyroid secretion. 



HYPERTHYROIDISM IN MAN. 

 As PRODUCED BY THE EXHIBITION OF THYROID GLAND. 



Since the introduction of the thyroid preparations into clinical 

 medicine, instances of artificially produced hyperthyroidism have 

 frequently come under observation. The continued employment 

 of thyroid extract, even in small medicinal doses, is frequently 



