78 



EMBRYOLOGY, 



vigorous 



again 



db 



db 



Fig. 39. Diagram of the formation of glands. 



1, Simple tubular gland ; 2, branched tubular gland ; 3, 



branched tubular gland with anastomosing branches ; 



4 and 5, simple alveolar glands ; , duct ; db, vesicular 



enlai'gement ; 0, branching alveolar gland. 



narrow and tube-like and serves as its duct (a}. More complicated 



forms of glands arise, when the same processes to which the simple 



glandular sac owes its origin are repeated on the wall of the sac 



12 34 (5 when on a small 



tract of it a more 

 growth 

 takes place, 

 and a part begins 

 to grow out from 

 the main tube as a 

 lateral branch (fig. 

 39 2 and 6 ). By 

 numerous repetitions 

 of such evaginations, 

 the originally simple 

 tubular gland may 

 acquire the form of 

 a much - branched 

 tree, upon which we 

 distinguish the part 



formed first as trunk, and the parts which have arisen by outgrowths 

 from it as chief branches and branchlets of first, second, third, and 

 fourth order, according to their ages and correlated sizes. According 

 as the lateral outgrowths remain tubular or become enlarged at their 

 tips, there arise either the compound tubular 

 glands (fig. 39 2 ) (kidney, testis, liver), or the 

 compound alveolar glands (fig. 39 G ) (sebaceous 

 glands of the skin, lungs, etc.). 



Again, the invagmating part of an originally 

 flat membrane assumes other forms in the pro- 

 duction of sense organs and the central nervous 

 system. For example, the part of the organ of 

 hearing which bears the nerve terminations- 

 the membranous labyrinth is developed out of 

 a small tract of the surface of the body, which 

 becomes depressed into a small pit (fig. 40) in 

 consequence of its acquiring an extraordinary 

 vigor in growth. The edges of the auditory 



pit then grow toward one another, so that this is gradually con- 

 verted into a little sac, which still opens out at the surface of the 

 body by means of a narrow orifice only (fig. 40 a). Finally, the 



Fig. 40. Diagram of the 

 formation of the audi- 



lit ; b, audi- 

 tory vesicle, which has 

 arisen by a process of 

 constriction, and still 

 remains connected with 

 the outer germ-layer by 

 means of a solid stalk 

 of epithelium. 



