APPENDIX. 529 
V. PERMANENCE OF CHARACTERISTICS IN DIF- 
FERENT HUMAN SPECIES. 
As my special object of study in the Amazons had reference to 
the character and distribution of the fluviatile faunae, I could not 
undertake those more accurate investigations of the human races, 
based upon minute measurements repeated a thousand-fold, which 
characterize the latest researches of anthropologists. A thorough 
study of the different nations and cross-breeds inhabiting the Am- 
azonian Valley would require years of observation and patient ex- 
amination. I was forced to be satisfied with such data as I could 
gather aside from my other labors, and to limit myself in my study 
of the races to what I would call the natural history method ; viz. 
the comparison of individuals of different kinds with one another, 
just as naturalists compare specimens of different species. This 
was less difficult in a hot country, where the uncultivated part of 
the population go half naked, and are frequently seen entirely un- 
dressed. During a protracted residence in Manaos, Mr. Hunne- 
well made a great many characteristic photographs of Indians and 
Negroes, and half-breeds between both these races and the Whites. 
All these portraits represent the individuals selected in three normal 
positions, in full face, in perfect profile, and from behind. I hope 
sooner or later to have an opportunity of publishing these illustra- 
tions, as well as those of pure negroes made for me in Rio by 
Messrs. Stahl and Wahnschaffe. 
What struck me at first view, in seeing Indians and Negroes 
together, was the marked difference in the relative proportions 
of the different parts of the body. Like long-armed monkeys the 
Negroes are generally slender, with long legs, long arms, and 
a comparatively short body, while the Indians are short-legged, 
short-armed, and long-bodied, the trunk being also rather heavy 
in build. To continue the comparison, I may say that if the Negro 
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