APPENDIX. 531 
seems to arise under the arm-pit, the nipple being actually pro- 
jected on the arm in a full-faced view of the chest. In the negress 
the breast is more cylindrical, looser, and more flaccid, Ihe nipple 
being turned forward and downward, so that in a front view it is 
projected on the chest. In the Indian the inguinal region is 
broad and distinctly set off from the prominence of the abdomen, 
while in the Negro it is a mere fold. As to the limbs, they are not 
only much longer in proportion in the Negro than the Indian ; 
their form and carriage differs also. The legs of the Indians are 
remarkably straight, in the Negro the knees are bent in, and the hip 
as well as knee-joint habitually flexed. Similar differences in other 
parts of the body are visible from behind ; in the Indians the in- 
terval between the two shoulders, the shoulder-blades being com- 
paratively short in themselves, is much greater than in any other 
race. In this respect the women do not differ from the men, but 
share in a feature characteristic of the whole race. This peculi- 
arity is especially noticeable in a profile view of the figure, in 
which the broad rounded shoulder marks the outline in the upper 
part of the trunk and tapers gradually to a well-shaped arm, ter- 
minating usually in a rather small hand ; the little finger is re- 
markably short. In the Negro, on the contrary, the shoulder-blades 
are long and placed more closely together, the shoulder being rather 
slim and narrow, and the hand disproportionately slender, though 
the fingers are more extensively webbed than in any other race. 
In this respect there is little difference between male and female, 
the build of the male being more muscular, but hardly stouter ; in 
both, a profile view shows the back and breast projected forwards 
and backwards of the arm. The proportions between the length 
and width of the trunk, as compared with each other, and, measured 
from the shoulder to the base of the trunk, hardly differ in the 
Indian and Negro ; this renders the difference in the relative length 
and strength of the arms and legs the more apparent. 
I need not allude to the difference of the hair ; everybody knows 
the heavy, straight black hair of the Indian, and the wrinkled, 
