XVI GLOSSARY OF ARCTIC TERMS. 



Calf, a huge splinter splitting off from a berg, or the berg detaching 

 itself from the main mass on which it formed ; sometimes misre- 

 presented by a shelf, or loose piece, which is driven from under 

 the floe, and rises suddenly to the surface, damaging ship or boat. 



Clear Water, no ice obstructing navigation. 



Crow's-nest, a watch-box constructed at the topgallantniast-head, to 

 protect the man looking out for whales or ice from the inclemency 

 of the weather ; sitting comfortably ensconced in the Crow's-nest, 

 the Ice-master pilots the vessel through the best lanes or open 

 places in the ice. 



Curl, the bending over or disruption of the ice at the point of resist- 

 ance, causing it to pile slab over slab, or throw over the commi- 

 nuted bits. 



Cutting, out or in, performed by sawiug cauals, out of which the ice is 

 lifted above, or passed beneath, the floe, enabling the ship to ad- 

 vance towards open water. 



Dock : this is simply an opening cut out of the floe into which the ship 

 is warped for security against threatened pressure, from extensive 

 floes coming into opposition. It is, as reason will point out, at 

 right angles to any extensive crack or open water. A " natural 

 dock" is frequently afforded by some deep gap, out of which, at 

 some of these convulsions, the ice has floated. Any extensive 

 floe falling across the mouth of such an opening would naturally 

 close it, expending its force on the projecting irregularities. 



Field Ice, any great extent of smooth ice, the result of water frozen in 

 a quiescent condition, and of equal thickness throughout. 



Floe may be any portion of a field of ice disconnected, as floe pieces. 

 Bay floe, or Land floe, would be that attached to the laud. Say 

 floe is also considered as bay ice of the last season, now become 

 floe of the present. 



Hummocks, lumps of ice, generally bits of pack frozen together, and 

 snow covered during winter. 



Ice. See Bay Ice, Field Ice, Floe, Pack, Pancake Ice. 

 Ice Anclior. See Anchor. 

 Ice Axe. See Axe. 



Iceberg : this term is frequently misapplied ; properly it belongs onl\ 

 to huge mountains of ice entirely of freshwater formation, which 



