4 J. E. WODSEDALEK. 



the root of the dock. In the ass they do so only as they approach 

 the end of the dock. 



"3. As a rule the ass has five loin vertebrae, and the horse six 

 (p. 422). I have never heard of an instance, in the domestic 

 ass, of the number of these bones exceeding five. If, however, 

 we examine the skeleton of the Mountain Zebra which is in 

 the museum of the R. C. S. Lincoln's Inn Fields, we shall see 

 that it has six loin vertebrae. The number of these bones is sub- 

 ject to variation in all vertebrates. 



"4. In the horse, the lachrymal duct, which is the canal that 

 conveys tears from the eye on each respective side into the nostril, 

 has its opening near the inferior commissure of the nostril, and 

 on the line of union between the dark-colored skin and the pink 

 mucous membrane. In the ass and mule, it is situated at the 

 inner face of the outer wing of the nostril. This orifice is some- 

 times double. 



"5. In the ass, the false nostril extends higher up than in the 

 horse. 



"6. The male ass has two rudimental teats in the form of small 

 tubercles. They are usually absent in the horse. 



"7. The vocal sounds of the ass (braying) are produced in a 

 different manner from those of the horse (neighing). . . . We 

 may, therefore, conclude that braying can be performed only 

 during strong contractions of the muscles of the abdomen and 

 chest. It is evident that this muscular contraction is not re- 

 quired in the neighing of the horse. 



"8. In the ass, the deep depression at the base of the epiglottis 

 is covered by a thin membrane, which is capable of vibrating, 

 and which is wanting in the horse. It may have some influence 

 in causing the voice of the ass to differ from that of the horse. . . . 



"9. The ass hardly ever has any irregular markings on its 

 coat such as a 'star,' 'blaze,' 'reach,' or 'stockings,' all 

 of which are very frequent among horses. A small star, on one 

 or two occasions, is the only mark of the kind I have ever seen 

 in the ass, of which animal I have not had much experience. 



" 10. I believe I am correct in saying that the color of the ass 

 is never of a bright bay, chestnut, red or blue roan, or nutmeg 

 gray. I have seen mules of an iron-gray color; but have not 



