PALM AND SOLE STUDIES. 151 



these the possible types are AC, BC, and AB, the distinctions 

 between which are obvious. The type shown in Fig. 7 is virtually 

 a whorl (W), although it is not typical; while the type of Fig. 8 is 

 extremely rare, and is most probably interpreted as an AB, with 

 some possibility that it is rather a BC. The three remaining 

 areas are conveniently designated as I., II., and III., respectively, 

 and are characterized as either open (0), or dosed (Cl) in accord- 

 ance with the condition of their proximal ends. Thus, in Fig. 7, 



I. and III. are open, that is, they reach the inner margin, while 



II. is clearly closed; in Fig. 8 all three are closed, but I. is open for 

 some distance, curves around the base of II., and abuts finally 

 against the side of III. Occasionally, too, an area may be closed 

 at the top, also, as area I. in both figures given, and sometimes 

 the ridges of two areas flow into each other, that is, they are con- 

 fluent. A confluence is easily marked by the designations of the 

 areas involved, united by a + sign, as, I. + III.; I. + 11.; and a 

 closure of the distal end may be designated by an / (loop). 



This method of formulation of the sole configuration was first 

 attempted in 1904* in making comparisons of the sole prints of 

 different human races. In this article, in addition to the for- 

 mulas, as just described, certain exponent letters with an arbitrary 

 significance were employed to qualify the more general terms. 

 The presence of a hypothenar pattern (usually represented by a 

 single loop) upon the outer edge of the foot proximal to the 

 interdigital row, was also indicated by a capital H, added to the 

 rest. 



Representative sole formulas, taken from this article, are here 

 given. The main symbols will be readily understood from the 

 foregoing; the meaning of the descriptive exponents, which are 

 of less value, may be found by referring to the article, pp. 253-254. 





 

 + 20 H 



+ i 



+ 1+2 



In the first of these the hallucal pattern is a whorl, while the 

 three succeeding areas are open fields, without patterns. The 



1 Amer. Antkropol. 



