212 HARRIS HAWTHORNE WILDER. 



careful observations of a pair of living conjoined twins, who were 

 born in May, 1912, and are consequently in their fourth year at 

 the present writing. These twins, which I studied the first time 

 a day or two after birth, are typical pygopagi, of the well-known 

 but rare type represented by Rosa-Josepha Blazek, and Millie- 

 Christine; 1 are united in the sacro-iliac region, but placed some- 

 what obliquely, so that, instead of looking in directly opposite 

 directions, they are rotated about 45 towards the same side. 



It thus happens that, while lying or sitting they present to the 

 observer what would be called a front and a back side, considering 

 the entire double monster as a unit, so that when the observer 

 is stationed upon the "front" side the two faces are turned 45 



1 Double twins of the pygopagous type are extremely rare. Baudouin, in 1902, 

 was able to cite but eight authentic cases that have lived, known to the medical 

 profession, and these span an interval of eight hundred years. These are as follows: 



1. The "Biddenden Maids"; Biddenden, Co. Kent, England, b. uoo. d. 1134- 



2. Case cited by Lycosthenes, writing in 1665. These were girls, b. in Verona, 

 Italy, in 1475. 



3. The Hungarian Sisters, Helena-Judith; b. near Komorn, Hungary, 1701, 

 d. 1723- 



4. Case cited by Wolff; observed in Russia in 1778, lived but two months. 



5. Millie-Christine, negresses; b. in South Carolina, exhibited at Edinburgh in 

 1856, and later on in the United States. [They died about 1912.] 



6. Case of Joly and Peyrat, Jeanne-Marguerite Bombail; b. 1874, at Mazeres, 

 Dept. Ariege, France. Died 24 hours after birth. 



7. Case of Pilat, 1879. Born prematurely and one died during delivery. 



8. The Bohemian Sisters, Rosa-Josepha Blazek; b. Jan. 20, 1878, and still 

 living (1915). One of these is reported to have borne a normal child. These 

 sisters are well educated, speak several languages with fluency, and have been 

 extensively exhibited. 



To this list must now be added (9) the "Samar Twins" Lucio Simplicio, two 

 boys from the island of Samar, in the Philippines, also (10) the subjects of this paper. 

 The boys are about six years of age at this writing, the girls three and a half. Both 

 sets were born since the above compilation was made. 



That similar cases have occurred among primitive peoples, and in the past, is 

 evidenced by the occurrence of folk-lore tales, describing such double twins with 

 some degree of care, and rendering it probable that they were pygopagi. Thus there 

 are the two sisters in an old Samoan tale already quoted by me in my paper on 

 "Duplicate Twins, etc."; there is also a Sioux legend of a double woman, cited by 

 Dorsey in Ann. Rep. Bureau Eth., Vol. n, 1889-1890, p. 480, with a native drawing. 



This exhausts the list, so far as known to the writer, excepting fetuses in museum 

 collections. Any additions to this list would be gladly received. It has been 

 frequently observed, by the writer and others, that double twins, and probably 

 separate duplicates, are female in the great majority of cases. This seems well 

 borne out by the above list. 



