PALM AND SOLE STUDIES. I 71 



mens of Cebus 1 and in Inuus? but here the fields occupied by the 

 two patterns seem more distinct. This author treats the calcar 

 pattern as a secondary one, formed probably through the back- 

 ward extension of the heel, to assist in covering the new area, and 

 sees a proof of its recent nature from the fact that there is no trace 

 of such a pattern in the corresponding position in Lagothrix, 

 where "the calcar region is still covered by epidermic elements 

 not yet fused into ridges." 



An element to be considered in this connection, but one which 

 adds to the confusion rather than assists in the elucidation, is the 

 "Fersen-sinus" of Schlaginhaufen, which he figures on the heel 

 of various Primates, the core of which usually forms a loop 

 opening to the medial side, as in man. This he shows most 

 typically in Macacus and Hylobates, but it appears also in Simla, 

 Gorilla, and Anthropopithecus. As this author does not emphasize 

 the homologies of the typical patterns as located upon the 

 original pads, but compares rather the triradii and lines pro- 

 ceeding from them, one can hardly follow the patterns through 

 his numerous figures. 



IV. THE REDUCTION OF LINE (7. 



In 1910 Edward Loth, assisted by Mme. Loth (Jadwiga Nie- 

 mirycz-Lothowa), published the results of the examination of a 

 large collection of the palm and sole prints of Russian Poles from 

 the vicinity of Warsaw. In these they find a number of instances 

 in which line C, with its triradius, is entirely wanting, and others 

 in which the line in question is very short, and terminates, after 

 a perfectly straight course, in a loop (cf. Figs. 33 and 34 below). 

 These conditions, which are obviously closely related, both desig- 

 nates in a main line formula by the letter x. 



With regard to previous recognition of either of these two con- 

 ditions he cites Miss Whipple in her paper of 1904, and states 

 very generously that he makes no claim to priority, yet thinks 

 that he is the first to indicate it in formulae. 



As this condition has been so long known to me, practically 

 from the beginning of my investigations, I felt sure that I had 

 described it in detail somewhere, but, to my own chagrin, I can 



1 Loc. cit., p. 334. 

 5 P. 307. 



