THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE COPULATORY STRUC- 

 TURES IN SOME CASES OF GYNANDRO- 

 MORPHISM IN LEPIDOPTERA. 



N. J. KUSNEZOV. 



In spite of many excellent investigations on the gynandro- 

 morphism in Lepidoptera (Goldschmidt, 1914-1923; Cockayne, 

 1915, 1916; Meisenheimer, 1921; Morgan and Bridges, 1919; 

 Poppelbaum, 1909, 1913; Gerould, 1925) and some ingenious 

 speculations about its causes and origin, the perplexing phe- 

 nomena of intersexuality and gynandromorphism are still far 

 from being sufficiently elucidated. One may say that we now 

 possess many facts, a good many hypotheses and visual schemes, 

 but few experiments (Kosminsky, 1924) and a great lack of 

 physiological interpretation, confined exclusively to the theory of 

 sexual hormones. 



Moreover, the facts, so numerous in this order of insects, are 

 described insufficiently and based mostly on the superficial in- 

 spection of the external features, like the structure and pigment- 

 ation of wings and the structure of antennse. The sexual organs 

 have been examined in a few cases only. But the question of the 

 correlation of these superficial, secondary sexual characters with 

 the primary reproductive system is, of course, of very great 

 interest. 



In my previous paper l on this subject I have had occasion to 

 describe in full the genital or copulatory apparatus of seven 

 gynandrous individuals (Pieris rapx L., Gonopteryx rhamni L., 

 Dendrolimus pini L., Pygxra timon Hb. and three Porthetria dispar 

 L.), halved or mosaic, and I came to the conclusion that "there is 

 evident a considerable independence, in existence and evolution, 

 of different structures of the sexual sphere in the Lepidoptera; 

 this independence is most sharply defined between the gonads 

 (primary) and the secondary (tertiary and so on) systems; but, 



1 Kusnezov, N. J., "Contributions to the Morphology of the Genital Apparatus 

 in Lepidoptera. Some Cases of Gynandromorphism," Revue Russe d'Entomologie, 

 XVI., 1916, pp. 151-191. 



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