GYNANDROMORPHISM IN LEPIDOPTERA. 255 



ones in a rather normal state; these are the cases of 

 Bupalus piniarius L. and Gonopteryx rhamni L. 



No case of purely crossed gynandromorph, i.e., having the 

 tertiary characters of a given sex situated precisely on the 

 sexually opposite side of the body, has been, as far as I know, yet 

 observed. 



It is doubtful whether attempts to elucidate these various 

 combinations by referring to their connection with the geometrical 

 planes of the organism will have any success. The plane of 

 bilateral symmetry, as is true of each other plane of the body, is 

 by no means a real physiological factor; and physiology has 

 nothing to do with these abstract morphological concepts. Very 

 possibly, in general, no architectonic rules are followed by the 

 developing organism. That is why the chimsera hypotheses fail 

 also totally in their attempts to explain the confusion observed in 

 the distribution of the secondary genital rudiments in certain 

 gynandromorphs. Far more probable is the explanation (Morgan 

 1922) of these irregularities by a simple anatomical shifting of the 

 diversely determined body cells during the embryonic develop- 

 ment. So is also the hypothesis of the precocious development of 

 one sex tissue in comparison with the other, growing across the 

 plane of bilateral symmetry and encroaching upon another half 

 differently determined (Gerould, 1925; partly Goldschmidt). 

 The cellular and blastomeric hypotheses (Boveri, 1888, 1902, 

 1915; Lang, 1912; Cockayne, 1915) fail also to explain the 

 multitude of facts when the body planes are nearly never main- 

 tained but are in different ways transgressed. Lastly, it is a 

 rather discordant fact for the hypothesis of polyspermy (Morgan, 

 I 95> J 9O9) that only a quite insignificant number of cases of the 

 plurality of the same organ have ever been observed. 1 The 

 generally accepted hormonal theory of the chemical stimulation 

 also meets great difficulties in the explanation of asymmetrical, 

 halved, gynandromorphism connected with the body planes. 



My opinion is that the phenomena of the "irregular" spacial 

 distribution of sexually determined parts of the body should be 

 interpreted as cases of organic regulation (in the sense of Driesch) 



1 Those described by Goldschmidt (1921) need further examination. A "super- 

 numerary" right valva described by Gerould (1925), more than possibly, will prove 

 to be but a deformed portion of the right valva. 



17 



