246 N. J- KUSNEZOV. 



on the other hand, the existence of a connecting influence between 

 the secondary (copulatory) and tertiary (pigmentation, markings, 

 etc.) sexual characters is also indisputable (cases of gynandro- 

 morphism)." 



The task of my present article r is to contribute further data 

 regarding the dependencies and correlations between the copu- 

 latory organs and external sexual characters in lepidopterous 

 gynandromorphs. I have had for examination five gynandrous 

 specimens, all typically halved, viz., of Argynnis paphia L., 

 Gonopteryx rhamni L., Bupalus piniarius L., Malacosoma neustria 

 L., and Lycsena argus L., preserved dry and pinned. 



I am indebted for this interesting material to the generosity of 

 Messrs. A. P. Tshernyshev (Kaluga), A. I. Iljinskij (Kaluga), A. 

 M. Djakonov (St. Petersburg) and V. J. Fridolin (St. Petersburg) 

 who most kindly put it at my disposal. 



Argynnis paphia L. Wings: typical male on the right, 

 valesina-female on the left. Left labial palpus female in shape 

 and color. (Legs broken off.) Hairs on the thorax and abdomen 

 fulvous or male on the right, and greenish-gray or female on the 

 left side of the body. No observable differences in the antennae. 

 Captured at Kaluga. 



Copulatory Apparatus (Figs. 2 and 3). 2 Nearly perfectly male. 

 Valvae, with their harpae in the form of two hooked processes, as 

 well as the processus superior and inferior and so-called crista 

 obliqua, have nearly the same shape and size as in the normal 

 male (Fig. i). The differences seen in preparations, like the 

 incisions and emarginations on the valvae and the length of the 

 processus inferior, or the size of the penis, are quite unimportant 

 and lie within the limits of individual variability. The main 

 abnormality in the copulatory apparatus of this specimen is 

 confined to the tegumen, i.e., to the complex of the Qth and loth 

 tergites fused together, and to the uncus, the dorsal appendage of 

 the latter segment. The right side of the tegumen (Fig. 3, tg. 

 10 c?) is weaker and less developed in comparison with that of 



1 Read at the December meeting of the Russian Entomological Society in 1925. 



2 In the description of the genital armature I use the terminology elaborated by 

 myself in my introduction to the study of Lepidoptera (Kusnezov, N. J., "Faune de 

 la Russie. Lt-pidopteres. Introduction," Vol. I., 1915, published by the Russian 

 Academy of Sciences). 



