16 TECHNICAL TERMS. 



general level of a floe, and forming a part of it. Hummocks are 

 originally raised by the pressure of floes against each other. 



ICE-ANCHOR. A hook or grapnel adapted to take hold upon ice. 



ICE-BELT. A continued margin of ice, which, in high northern lati- 

 tudes, adheres to the coast above the ordinary level of the sea. 



ICEBERG. A large floating mass of ice detached from a glacier. 



ICE-FOOT. The Danish name of the limited ice-belt of the moro 

 southern coast. 



LAND-ICE. Ice attached to the land, either in floes or in heavy 

 grounded masses lying near the shore. 



LANE OF WATER. A narrow channel among the masses of ice, through 

 which a boat or ship may pass. 



LEAD. A channel through the ice. A ship is said to " take the right 

 lead " when she follows a channel conducting her into a more navi- 

 gable sea, and vice versa. 



NIPPED. The situation of a ship when forcibly pressed by ice on 

 both sides. 



PACK. A large body of ice, consisting of separate masses, lying close 

 together, and whose extent cannot be seen. 



PANCAKE-ICE. Newly-formed ice, assuming the peculiar conformation 

 of numberless patches of " sludge," and giving the surface of the 

 sea the appearance of a handsome pavement. 



PATCH OF ICE. The same as a pack, but of small dimensions. 



PEMMICAN. Meat cured, pulverized, and mixed with fat, containing 

 much nutriment in a small compass. 



SAILING-ICE. Ice of which the masses are so much separated as to 

 allow a ship to sail among them. 



SLUDGE. Ice of the consistence of thick honey, offering little impedi- 

 ment to a ship while in this state, but greatly favoring the formation 

 of a "bay-floe." 



STREAM. A long and narrow, but generally continuous, collection of 

 loose ice. 



TONGUE. A mass of ice projecting under water from an iceberg or 

 floe, and generally distinguishable at a considerable depth of smooth 

 water. It differs from a ** calf" in being fixed to, or a part of, the 

 larger body. 



TRACKING. Towing along a margin of ice. 



WATER-SKY. A dark appearance in the sky, indicating *' clear water *' 

 in that direction, and forming a striking contrast with the " blink " 

 over land or ice. 



YOUNG-ICE. Nearly the same as " bay-ice," but generally applied to 

 ice more recently formed than the latter. 



